|
| Natural compound | Source and/or chemical class | Effect target or biological function | Effect on ER stress and atherosclerosis | Reference |
|
| Kaempferol | Phytoestrogen | ↓GRP78 and CHOP expression; targeting caspase-3/7 | Alleviates ER stress-induced cell death | [140] |
| Quercetin | Flavonoid | ↓CHOP and GRP78 expression; activated JNK and caspase-12; ↑ATF6 expression | Prevents glucosamine-induced apoptosis and lipid accumulation by inhibiting ER stress in RAW264.7 macrophages | [141] |
| Resveratrol | Polyphenol antioxidant found in red wine | ↓GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP expression; reversing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax | Effectively inhibits isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis partially by suppressing ER stress | [142] |
| Baicalin | From the roots of Scutellaria | Targeting the CHOP/eNOS/NO pathway | Protects cardiac myocytes from ER stress-induced apoptosis | [143] |
| Salidroside | Active component of Rhodiola rosea | ↓BiP and CHOP activation; ↓PERK or IRE1α phosphorylation | Protects HUVECs from Hcy-induced injury by regulating ER stress | [144] |
| Catalpol | Extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa root | ↓GRP78/PERK and Nox4/NF-κB pathways | Attenuates Hcy-induced ROS overgeneration, inflammation, and cell apoptosis in HAECs | [145] |
| Sulforaphane | From cruciferous vegetables | Regulating expression of GRP78 and CHOP, autophagy-related Beclin-1, p62, and LC3-II, and apoptosis caspase-3 pathway | Effectively reduces ischemia-enhanced ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis | [146] |
| Curcumin | Natural polyphenolic antioxidant compound | ↓NF-κB signaling pathway; ↑PERK and IRE1 phosphorylation; ↑XBP1 and CHOP expression; ↓anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 | Enhances ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus inducing apoptosis of activated human CD4+ T cells | [147] |
| Crocin | Main ingredient of saffron | Plays antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory roles | Protect HUVECs from high glucose-induced injury by suppressing ER stress response | [148] |
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