H2A.X Phosphorylation in Oxidative Stress and Risk Assessment in Plasma Medicine

Figure 2

Effects of ionizing radiation versus ultraviolet radiation versus physical plasma. Absorption of ionizing radiation (IR) affects tissue by directly damaging cellular targets and indirectly through water radiolysis, autoamplifying intranuclear ROS production. Similar to IR, UV, especially UVB radiation, can directly damage the DNA. The indirect action of UVB light is majorly mediated by ROS causing oxidative DNA damage, e.g., 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Unlike IR and UVB radiation, ROS/RNS need to travel from the gaseous to the liquid phase and eventually to the cells during plasma treatment. ROS accumulate in the extracellular space and at decreased levels in the intracellular environment after selective transit across the plasma membrane to interact with biomolecules in the cytosol.