|
| First author, date | Type of cancer | Study group | Date of completion of included data | Observed effect on coffee consumption |
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| Yu, 2011 [72] | Breast | 40 prospective cohort studies (2,179,126 Pt and 34,177 Cc) | March 2010 | Meta-analysis showed coffee drinking had an inverse association with cancer. |
| Li, 2013 [73] | 16 cohort and 10 case-control studies (49,497 Cc) | July 2012 | An inverse association was observed in ER- negative subgroup. |
| Jiang, 2013 [74] | 37 articles (966,263 Pt and 59,018 Cc) | December 2012 | A strong and significant association with cancer risk was found for BRCA1 mutation carriers. The risk of breast cancer decreased by 2% for every 2 days. |
| Lowcock, 2013 [52] | 1 cohort study (3,427 Cn and 3,062 Cc) | 2002-2003 | High coffee consumption, but not total caffeine, may be associated with reduced risk of ER- and postmenopausal cancers. |
| Simonsson, 2013 [75] | 1 preoperative study (634 Pt) | 2002-2008 | Tamoxifen-treated patients with ER+ tumors who consumed 2 or more c/d had significantly decreased risk for early events. |
| Rosendahl, 2015 [76] | 1 cohort (1,090 Pt with invasive primary cancer) | 2002-2012 | A moderate (2–4 c/d) to high (≥5 c/d) coffee intake was associated with smaller invasive primary tumors and a lower proportion of ER+ tumors. |
| Lafranconi, 2018 [77] | 21 prospective studies | March 2017 | Coffee intake was associated with a 10% reduction in postmenopausal cancer risk. |
| Sánchez-Quesada, 2020 [78] | 1 cohort study (10,812 Pt) | Uninformed | Among postmenopausal women, more than 1 c/d of coffee was associated with a lower incidence of cancer. |
|
| Yu, 2011 [72] | Leukemic | 40 prospective cohort studies (2,179,126 Pt and 34,177 Cc) | March 2010 | It confirmed that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cancer. |
|
| Zhang, 2015 [79] | Oral | 12 studies (1,872,231 Pt and 4,037 Cc) | March 2015 | Higher consumption might reduce the risk of cancer, especially in Europe. |
| Li, 2016 [80] | 11 case-control and 4 cohort studies (2,832,706 Cn and 5,021 Cc) | 2015 | A protective benefit in oral cancer |
| He, 2020 [81] | 14 case-control and 5 cohort studies (6456 Cc) | September 2018 | High and intermediate versus low coffee intake was associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Coffee intake might have protective effects against cancer. |
| Farvid, 2021 [82] | 2 preoperative studies (8900 Cc) | 1980-2010 1991-2011 | >3 c/d of coffee was associated with a 25% lower risk of cancer. Among cancer survivors, higher postdiagnostic coffee consumption was associated with better cancer and overall survival. |
|
| Turati, 2011 [83] | Oral and pharyngeal | 1 cohort and 8 case-control studies (2,633 Cc) | October 2009 | Coffee drinking is inversely related to oral pharyngeal cancer risk. |
| Miranda, 2017 [84] | 13 case-control and 4 cohort studies | August 2016 | An inverse association between high consumption and the risk of both cancer types |
| Hildebrand, 2013 [85] | A prospective US cohort study (967,564 Cn and 868 Cc) | 1982-2008 | Intake of >4 c/d was associated with a 49% lower risk of cancer. Caffeinated coffee intake was inversely associated with oral/pharyngeal cancer mortality. |
|
| Vaseghi, 2016 [86] | Nonmelanoma skin | 6 independent studies (320,370 Pt and 104,770 Cc) | January 2016 | Caffeinated coffee might have chemopreventive effects dose-dependent effects against basal cell carcinoma |
| Caini, 2017 [87] | 13 articles (37,627 Cc) | February 2016 | A moderate protective effect against basal cell cancer development |
|
| Wang, 2016 [88] | Cutaneous melanoma | 23 studies (2,268,338 Pt) | August 2015 | The risk of cancer decreased by 3% and 4% for 1 c/d increment of total coffee and caffeinated coffee consumption, respectively. |
|
| Liu, 2016 [89] | Melanoma | 2 case-control (846 Cc and 843 Cn) and 5 cohort studies (844,246 Pt and 5,737 Cc) | November 2015 | Caffeinated coffee might have chemopreventive effects against cancer. |
| Yew, 2016 [90] | 9 studies (927,173 Pt and 3,787 Cc) | September 2015 | Beneficial effects of regular coffee consumption on cancer. |
| Micek, 2018 [91] | 7 studies (1,418,779 Pt and 9,211 Cc) | March 2017 | An increase in consumption of one c/d was associated with a 3% reduction in cancer risk. Coffee intake may be inversely associated with the incidence of melanoma. |
|
| Je, 2012 [92] | Endometrial | 10 case-control and 6 cohort studies (6,628 Cc) | October 2011 | Increased intake is associated with a reduced risk of cancer. |
| Zhou, 2015 [53] | 13 articles (1,534,039 Pt) | May 2015 | Risk decreased by 5% for every 1 c/d intake, 7% for every 1 c/d of caffeinated coffee intake, 4% for every 1 c/d of decaffeinated coffee intake, and 4% for every 100 mg of caffeine intake/d |
| Lafranconi, 2017 [93] | 12 studies | March 2017 | Increasing consumption by 4 c/d was associated with a 20% reduction in risk and a 24% reduction in postmenopausal cancer risk. |
| Lukic, 2018 [94] | 12 cohort and 8 case-control studies (11,663 Pt and 2,746 Cc) | August 2016 | Protective effect |
|
| Bravi, 2013 [95] | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 8 cohort and 8 control studies (3,153 Cc) | September 2012 | The risk of cancer is reduced by 40% for any coffee consumption vs. no consumption regardless of the subjects’ sex. |
| Bai, 2016 [96] | 11 studies (340,749 Cn and 2,795 Cc) | August 2015 | An inverse association between coffee consumption and cancer risk was observed, with quantitative evidence. |
| Bravi, 2017 [97] | 12 studies (3,414 Cc) | Uninformed | The meta-analysis provides a precise quantification of the inverse relation between coffee consumption and the risk of cancer. |
| Kennedy, 2017 [54] | 18 cohorts (2,272,642 Pt and 2,905 Cc) and 8 case-control studies, (4,652 Cn and 1,825 Cc) | Uninformed | An extra 2 cups of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee were associated with reductions of 27 and 14% in the risk of cancer. Increased consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cancer, including preexisting liver disease. |
|
| Discacciati, 2014 [98] | Prostate | 3 case-control and 5 cohort studies | July 2013 | Inversely associated with the risk of fatal cancer |
| Lu, 2014 [99] | 12 case-control (9,461 Cn and 7,909 Cc) and 9 cohort studies (455,123 Pt) | June 2013 | High (highest ≥4 or 5 c/d) consumption may not only be associated with a reduced risk of cancer but also inversely associated with fatal and high-grade cancer. |
| Cao, 2014 [100] | 10 cohort studies (206,096 and Pt8,973 Cc) | June 2013 | Coffee consumption may decrease the risk of cancer. |
| Zhong, 2014 [101] | 12 case-control and 12 cohort studies (42,179 Cc) | July 2013 | An increase of 2 c/d was associated with a 7% decreased risk of cancer. A significant inverse relationship was also found for fatal cases and high-grade cancers. |
| Huang, 2014 [102] | 13 cohort studies | August 2013 | A significant reverse association was found between highest versus none/lowest consumption and risk of cancer. |
| Liu, 2015 [103] | 13 cohort studies (539,577 Pt and 34,105 Cc) | Uninformed | Coffee consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of cancer, and it also has an inverse association with nonadvanced cancer. |
| Xia, 2017 [104] | 14 case-control and 14 cohort studies (42,399 Pt) | July 2016 | An effect on reducing the localized cancer risk |
| Pounis, 2017 [32] | 1 cohort study (6,989 Pt and 100 Cc) | March 2005-April 2010 | Reduction of 53% lower cancer risk by Italian-style coffee consumption |
| Chen, 2021 [105] | 16 cohort studies (1.081.586 Pt and 57,732 Cc) | September 2020 | Higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of cancer. |
|
| Zheng, 2013 [106] | Esophageal | 24 case-control and cohort studies (7,376 Cc) | October 2011 | Borderline significantly inverse association of highest versus non/lowest consumption against risk (protective effects) |
| Zhang, 2018 [107] | 11 studies (457,010 Pt and 2,628 Cc) | January 2017 | An inverse association between coffee consumption and incidence of cancer was found in East Asian participants. |
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| Shafiei, 2019 [55] | Ovarian | 22 case–control and 20 studies (40,140 Pt) | April 2018 | Inverse association between decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of cancer |
|
| Galeone, 2010 [108] | Colorectal | 24 studies (14,846 Cc) | May 2010 | A moderate favorable effect on cancer risk |
| Li, 2013 [109] | 25 case-control (15,522 Cc) and 16 cohort studies (10 443 Cc) | May 2011 | Coffee consumption can significantly decrease the risks of colorectal and colon cancer, especially in Europe and for females. |
| Tian, 2013 [110] | 21 studies case-control and 12 cohort studies | Uninformed | A significant association was found between consumption and decreased risk of colorectal and colon cancer among subjects consuming ≥4 c/d. |
| Gan, 2017 [60] | 19 cohort studies (2,046,575 Pt and 22,629 Cc) | August 2015 | Coffee consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of cancer at ≥5 c/d. |
| Nakagawa-Senda, 2017 [111] | 2 case-control studies (13,480 Cn and 2,696 Cc) | 1988 – 2000
2001-2005 | The study found a significant inverse linear trend between consumption and distal colon cancer and a tendency toward a lower risk of rectal cancer. |
| Micek, 2019 [43] | 14 prospective studies (1,381,085 Pt and 28,404 Cc) | August 2018 | Restriction to decaffeinated coffee revealed a 15% lower risk of cancer for the highest category consumption. Coffee consumption was related with a decreased risk of cancer in a subgroup of never-smokers and in Asian countries. |
| Sartini, 2019 [56] | 26 prospective studies | Uninformed | Regarding colorectal cancer, a protective effect emerged in US subjects. Concerning colon cancer, a significant protective effect was noted only in European men and only in Asian women. Decaffeinated coffee exhibited a protective effect against colorectal cancer in men and women combined. |
| Mackintosh, 2020 [57] | 1 prospective observational cohort study (1171 Pt) | 2005-2018 | Increased consumption of coffee was associated with decreased risk of cancer progression. Significant associations were noted for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. |
| Um, 2020 [58] | 1 prospective cohort study (107,061 Pt and 1,829 Cc) | 1999-2015 | A higher intake of decaffeinated coffee was associated with a lower risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancer. |
|
| Sang, 2013 [112] | Liver | 9 case-control and 7 cohort studies | May 2012 | An inverse association was observed between coffee consumption and cancer. |
| Yu, 2016 [113] | 20 cohort studies from 10 publications | Jan 2016 | A significant linear dose-response relationship was found between consumption and cancer risk. |
| Godos, 2017 [114] | 13 studies | March 2017 | An inverse correlation was noted between consumption and cancer. Increasing consumption by 1 c/d was associated with 15% reduction in cancer risk. |
| Tamura, 2019 [115] | 6 cohort studies from 5 publications | Uninformed | Consumption among Japanese people has a significant role in preventing cancer. |
| Tanaka, 2019 [116] | 4 cohort and 4 case-control studies | September 2018 | Coffee drinking decreases the risk of primary cancer among the Japanese population. |
| Bhurwal, 2020 [117] | 20 prospective studies | June 2019 | Higher doses of coffee consumption were associated with a significant decrease in the risk of developing cancer. |
|
| Song, 2019 [118] | Brain | 11 articles | November 2018 | A statistically significant protective effect of consumption and cancer risk was reported. |
|
| Creed, 2020 [119] | Glioma | 1 prospective study (379,259 Pt and 487 Cc) | 2006-2010 | A suggestive inverse association was observed with greater consumption of coffee. |
| Pranata, 2021 [61] | 12 studies (1,960,731 Pt and 2,987 Cc). | October 2020 | Dose-response meta-analysis showed that every 1 c/d of coffee decreases the risk of glioma by 3%. |
|
| Shao, 2019 [120] | Thyroid | 10 studies (379,825 Pt and 1,254 Cc) | February 2019 | Inversely associated with cancer occurrence in a linear dose-response manner. The occurrence of cancer was reduced by 5% with each 1 c/d increment of coffee consumption. |
|
| Sugiyama, 2017 [121] | Bladder | 2 cohort studies (73,346 Pt and 274 Cc) | Uninformed | A significant inverse association was observed between coffee consumption and the risk of cancer. |
|
| Wu, 2015 [122] | | 34 case-control and 6 cohort studies | Uninformed | An increased risk between coffee consumption and cancer was found. |
| Yu, 2020 [123] | 12 cohort studies (2601 Cc and 501,604 Pt) | Uninformed | Positive associations are suggested between coffee consumption and cancer among male smokers but not among never-smokers and females. |
|
| Dong, 2011 [124] | Pancreatic | 14 studies (669,584 Pt and 1,496 Cc) | August 2010 | An inverse relationship was found between coffee drinking and the risk of cancer. |
| Ran, 2016 [125] | 20 cohort studies | June 2015 | High coffee consumption is associated with reduced risk. |
|
| Nie, 2016 [126] | | 20 articles | November 2015 | Every 1-cup increase was associated with a 1% increase in risk. Coffee consumption may weakly increase the risk of cancer. |
| Li, 2019 [127] | 13 cohort studies (959,992 Pt and 3,831 Cc) | February 2018 | Coffee consumption is related to increased risk of cancer in a dose-response manner. |
|
| Xie, 2016 [128] | Gastric | 9 cohort and 13 case-control studies (1,019,693 Cn and 7,631 Cc) | July 2014 | An increase in consumption was associated with a decreased risk of cancer. |
|
| Shen, 2015 [129] | | 8 studies (311,564 Pt and 1,429 Cc) | October 2013 | Coffee consumption is associated with the development of cancer. More coffee drinking could result in an increased risk of cancer. |
| Zeng, 2015 [130] | 9 studies, 15 independent prospective cohorts (1,289,314 Pt and 2,019 Cc) | February 2015 | High coffee consumption (>6.5 c/d) might increase the risk of cancer in the US population. |
| Deng, 2016 [131] | 13 cohort studies (1,324,559 Pt and 3,484 Cc) | September 2014 | High coffee consumption is a risk factor for cancer. |
|
| Chen, 2014 [132] | Laryngeal | 10 studies (503,234 Cn and 2,803 Cc) | October 2013 | Coffee consumption would increase cancer risk. |
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| Kudwongsa, 2020 [133] | Lung | 1 prospective cohort study (12,668 Pt and 138 Cc) | 1990-2016 | Coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Consumption may be a protective factor for cancer among this cohort. |
|
| Tang, 2010 [134] | | 5 prospective and 8 case-control studies (104,911 Pt and 5347 Cc) | January 2009 | Highest consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer. |
| Wang, 2012 [135] | 9 publications (3,008 Cc) | 2005 | A significantly positive association was found between coffee consumption and the risk of cancer. |
| Xie, 2016 [136] | 5 cohort and 12 case-control studies (102,516 Cn and 12,276 Cc) | March 2015 | Cancer risk is significantly increased by 47% in the population with the highest category intake of coffee compared with that with the lowest category intake. |
| Zhu, 2020 [137] | 17 prospective cohort studies (1.1 million Pt and 20,280 Cc) | Uninformed | Higher consumption of coffee is associated with increased cancer risk. |
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