Review Article

Combating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19 by Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms and Perspectives

Table 1

Selected treatments investigated in clinical trials for COVID-19..

AntiviralAnti-inflammatoryAnticoagulation and antivasculopathy

ArbidolAcalabrutinibArgatroban
Azithromycin (antibiotic)AnakinraAlteplase
Camostat mesilate (reduce viral infection)AviptadilAlteplase
Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquineBaricitinib (janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor)Acetylsalicylic acid
ClevudineChlorpromazineAtorvastatin (HMG-CoA inhibitor)
Darunavir/Cobicistat (Prezcobix; Rezolsta)ColchicineBevacizumab (antivascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF))
Favipiravir (Avigan®)DeferoxamineClopidogrel
InterferonDexamethasoneCrizanlizumab (vasculopathy)
Ivermectin plus nitazoxanideDornase alfa (Pulmozyme®)Dapagliflozin (sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitor)
LactoferrinDuvelisibEnoxaparin
Lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra®)EculizumabFondaparinux
Nafamostat (blocks TMPRSS2 activation and SARS-CoV-2 cell entry)FamotidineHeparin
OseltamivirHydrocortisoneLosartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB))
RemdesivirImatinibNitric oxide (inhalation)
Nicotine
UmifenovirInfliximabRamipril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi))
IsotretinoinRivaroxaban (direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC))
LeflunomideSulodexide
Methylprednisolone
Morphine
Telmisartan (ARB)
OzanimodValsartan (ARB)
Plitidepsin
Prednisolone
Ruxolitinib (JAK inhibitor)
Sarilumab
Sirolimus
Tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor)
Tofacitinib (JAK inhibitor)
Antioxidant treatmentTraditional Chinese medicineOxygen therapy
Vitamin ASingle herbsOxygen inhalation
Vitamin CChinese patent formulasMechanical ventilation
Vitamin DChinese herbal compoundsProne position ventilation
Vitamin EHyperbaric oxygen therapy
GlutathioneOxyhydrogen inhalation via a nebulizer
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)
Melatonin
Zinc
Vaccine and antibodiesExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation support
mRNA, recombinant protein, vectorOxygenation, removal of CO2, filtrating proinflammatory cytokines via a filter
Pamrevlumab
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma

Selected from 9149 total COVID-19 studies, including 6115 from COVID-19 NIH registered clinical trials [5] and the rest registered outside of the USA found from WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) database [68].