Hypoxia Induced by Cobalt Chloride Triggers Autophagic Apoptosis of Human and Mouse Drug-Resistant Glioblastoma Cells through Targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway

Figure 1

Selection and preparation of human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells. Human TMZ-tolerant U87 MG-R cells were selected from TMZ-sensitive U87 MG cells. (a) Morphologies of U87 MG and U87 MG-R cells are shown. Glioblastoma cells were exposed to TMZ at 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM for 72 h. (b) Cell survival was assayed using a trypan blue exclusion method. (c, d) A cellular ELISA kit and a flow cytometric method were used to quantify DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cells, respectively. Murine GL261 and GL261-R glioblastoma cells were exposed to TMZ at 100 μM. (e, f) DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cells were analyzed. Data are expressed as the for . vs. control and ^# vs. U87 MG.

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