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| Dietary protein source | Enzyme used to produce peptides | Peptide sequence or molecular weight | Object | Dose & duration | Activity/mechanisms of action | Reference |
|
| Soy bean | — | 150–500 Da | Pigs with DSS-induced colitis | 250 mg/kg BW for 5 d | Peptides decreased TNF and IL-6 levels and inhibited IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF expression | [141] |
| Soy bean | — | VPY | Caco-2 cells and mouse of DSS-induced colitis mice | 0.1, 1, 2, and 4 mM for 2 h and 10 and 100 mg/kg BW for 14 d | VPY inhibited IL-8 secretion and reduced the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 | [108] |
| Salmon | — | <1000 Da | DSS-induced colitis in rats | 3.5% in diet for 29 d | Peptides reduced inflammation by reducing IL-6 and IL-1β expressions | [142] |
| Egg shell membrane | Alcalase and protease S | — | TNF-α induced Caco-2 cells and DSS-treated colitis mice | 0.001, 0.01, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/mL for 2 h | Peptides inhibited IL-8 secretion and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels | [143] |
| Milk casein | Bacterial food-grade enzyme | <5000 Da | TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells and ex vivo porcine colonic tissue system | 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL for 24 h | Peptides reduced IL-8 by 66–68% and reduced IL-1α/β, IL-8, TGF-β, and IL-10 expression | [107] |
| Rat collagen | Pepsin | — | DSS-induced colitis in mice | 100 mg/kg BW from days 6 to 15 | Peptides reduced IL-1β and IL-6 expression | [144] |
| Egg white | Pepsin and pancreatin | — | TNF-α-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells and DSS-induced colitis mice | 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mg/mL for 2 h | Peptides inhibited IL-8 secretion and decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 and enhanced IL-10 expression and decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 | [145] |
| Egg white ovotransferrin | Pepsin and trypsin | CR, FL, HC, LL, and MK | TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells | 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL for 2 h | Peptides decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12, and enhanced IL-10 expression. CR and HC attenuated intestinal inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways | [103] |
| Milk whey | Pronase | IPAV | TNF-α induced Caco-2 cells | 2.5 and 5 mg/mL for 1 h | IPAV showed anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting IL-8 expression and suppressing phosphorylation of p65, ERK1/2, p38, JNK1/2, and Syk signaling | [102] |
| Egg white | — | DEDTQAMPFR, MLGATSL, SLSFASR, and MSYSAGF | DSS-induced colitis mice | 50 or 150 mg/kg/day for 14 d | Peptides inhibited the local production of TNF-α and IL-6 and reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 | [111] |
| Common bean (Phaseolus vulga L.) milk and yogurts | Pepsin and pancreatin | γ-E-S-(Me)C, γ-EL, and LLV | TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells | 0.5 mg/mL for 2 h | Peptides inhibited TNF-α-induced IL-8 production via inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways | [113] |
| Egg white | Pancreatin | DEDTQAMPFR, DEDTQAMPF, MLGATSL, and MSYSAGF | TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells | 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/mL for 2 h | Peptides downregulated the expression of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12 and upregulated IL-10 expression via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways | [110] |
| Crucian carp | Pancreatin | <1500 Da | IEC-6 cells and DSS-induced colitis mice | 0, 50, 100, or 150 μg/mL for 20 h and 50 mg/kg BW for 15 days | Peptides reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway | [106] |
| Soy bean | B. subtilis BS12 | <3000 Da | Intestinal porcine epithelial cells-J2 | 50 μg/mL for 2 h | Soy peptides reduced the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 and decreased Escherichia coli K88-induced inflammation | [4] |
| Corn | Alcalase and pancreatin | — | TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells and colitis mice | 500, 1500, and 2500 μg/mL for 6 h and 100 and 300 mg/kg/d for 14 days | Peptides reduced inflammation via inhibiting IL-8 secretion and iNOS and COX-2 expression and downregulating TNF-α and IL-6 expression | [109] |
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