A Literature-Based Update on Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.: Traditional Uses, Nutraceutical, and Phytopharmacological Profiles

Table 1

Chemical phytoconstituents of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Compounds	Plant parts	Locality/country	References
E-2-hexenal, n-hexanal and n-hexyl formate; however, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylprazine, 2-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine	Fruit	Taipei, Taiwan/China	[30]
Cucumisin-like protease	Sarcocarp	Kagoshima/Japan	[32]
Triterpenes, sterols, flavonoid C-glycoside, benzyl glycoside, alnusenol, multiflorenol	Fruit	Kyoto/Japan	[33]
Osmotin-like protein	Seeds	New York/USA	[34]
Chitinase	Seeds	New York/USA	[35]
Astilbin, catechin, naringenin	Fruit	Hainan/China	[31]
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate	Fruit	Hainan/China	[36]
W-sitosterol, V-amyrin, quercetin	Stem	Visakhapatnam/India	[37]
β-Carotene	Fruit	Faisalabad/Pakistan	[16]
Tryptophan	Fruit	Gwalior/India	[38]
Linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids	Fruit	Temerloh, Pahang/Malaysia	[39]
Acetoin, octanal, nonanal	—	Mumbai/India	[40]
α-Tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, Δ^5-avenasterol	Fruit	Serdang, Selangor/Malaysia	[41]
Galactose, glucose, xylose, sorbose	Peel	Karnataka/India	[42]
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid	Seeds	Serdang, Selangor/Malaysia	[43]
Myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids	Seed oil	Serdang, Selangor/Malaysia	[44]
3α,29-O-di-trans-cinnamoyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-diene, oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside, oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside, multiflorenol, isomultiflorenyl acetate, stigmasterol, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α-spinasterol, α-spinasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, arbutin, nicotinic acid, (+)-pinonesinol, ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside	Fruit	Jinghong/China	[45]
Phloem lectin-like protein	Exudate	Fukuoka/Japan	[46]
Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid	Seeds	Rambagh, Allahabad/India	[47]
Gallic acid	Fruit	Kota Bharu/Malaysia	[15]
Lupeol	Seeds	Mumbai/India	[27]
Gallic acid, linoleic acid	Seeds	Serdang, Selangor/Malaysia	[28]
β-Sitosterol	Seeds	Mumbai/India	[48]
Ascorbic acid	Fruit	Kubang Kerian, Kelantan/Malysia	[49]
β-Carotein, ascorbic acid	Peel	Mysore/India	[17]
Polysaccharides	Fruit	Guangzhou/China	[50]
Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-D-galactoside, trans-ferrulic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid	Fruit	Buzau/Romania	[9]