[Retracted] Oral Administration of Gintonin Protects the Brains of Mice against Aβ-Induced Alzheimer Disease Pathology: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Figure 5

Effects of gintonin on memory and cognitive functions in Aβ-treated mice: (a) trajectories of mouse activities in the open-field box test (OFT); (b) trajectories of mouse movements in the Morris water maze (MWM) test; (c) trajectories of mouse movements in the Y-maze test; (d) the total number of rearing attempts in the OFT; (e) the total number of squares crossed in the OFT; (f) immobility time in the OFT; (g) total distance traveled by the mice in the OFT; (h) latencies during the 6-day training period; (i) latency to reach the rescuing platform on the final day; (j) the number of platform crossings in the MWM test; (k) time spent in the target quadrant; (l) spontaneous alternation behaviors in the Y-maze test. A significant difference between the Aβ- and saline-treated groups; ^#significant difference from the Aβ+Gt-treated group. The data are presented as the mean (SD) of three independent experiments. ^#; ; , . Gt: gintonin; Aβ: amyloid-beta; MWM: Morris water maze test; OFT: open-field test; ns: not significant.

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