The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Quercetin on Metabolic Diseases: Pharmacological Data and Clinical Evidence

Table 2

Published clinical trials of quercetin in the treatment of T2DM, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD.

Disease	Sample	Intervention measure	Dose of quercetin	Duration	Outcome	References
		(Test/control group)
T2DM	72 female patients aged 35-55 years	Quercetin/placebo	500 mg, qd	10 weeks	Systolic blood pressure↓, HDL-c↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓	[74]
T2DM	47 patients (31 women and 16 men) aged 30-60 years	Quercetin/placebo	250 mg, qd	8 weeks	TAC↑, oxidized LDL↓, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c	[129]
T2DM	24 patients	Quercetin/placebo	400 mg, once	30 minutes	Postprandial hyperglycemia↓	[128]
Hyperlipidemia	400 patients	Quercetin/nothing	No report	2 months	Cholesterol↓, TG↓, LDL↓, HDL↑	[14]
Hypercholesterolemia	24 patients (10 men and 14 women)	Quercetin-rich onion juice/placebo	100 mL, qd	8 weeks	TC↓, LDL-c↓, LDL-c/HDL-c↓; Thiols↑, TBARS↓, lag time of LDL oxidation↑	[131]
NAFLD	71 patients and 45 healthy individuals	Quercetin combining with basic treatment/basic treatment/nothing	40 mg, tid	14-16 days	AST↓, ALT↓, GGT↓, TC↓, TG↓, TNF-α↓	[15]
NAFLD	90 patients aged 18-65 years	Quercetin/placebo	250 mg, bid	12 weeks	RBC↑, MCV↓, MCH↓, ferritin↓	[132]

↑ means increase, ↓ means decrease, and means no obvious change. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; qd: quaque die; bid: bis in die; tid: ter in die; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; IL-6: interleukin-6; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RBC: red blood cell; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.