Review Article

Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications

Table 8

Neuroprotective alkaloids and their functional mechanisms and targetse.

CompoundsMechanisms and targetsRef.

Alkaloids (19)
 BerberineAntiapoptosis: BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt↑, PI3K p55γ activity↑, Akt/GSK↑; angiogenesis↑; claudin-5↑; anti-inflammation: microglial and astrocyte activation↓, AMPK-dependent microglial M2 polarization↑, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB↓[74, 92, 405409]
 BoldineAnti-inflammation[410]
 CapsaicinAntiexcitotoxicity: TRPV1-dependent inhibition of NMDA receptors↑; neurovascular protection[47, 411]
 DihydrocapsaicinHypothermia: TRPV1↓; PI3K/Akt↑; BBB protection; antioxidation; anti-inflammation[44, 412414]
 HarmineGLT-1↑; astrocyte activation↓[35]
 HigenamineHMGB1↓; PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1↑[415]
 NeferineMitochondrial protection: Nrf2 pathway↑[63]
 NicotineAnti-inflammation: microglial proliferation↓, α7nAchR↑[416]
 Levo-tetrahydropalmatineAntiapoptosis: c-Abl↓[417]
 OxymatrineAnti-inflammation: arachidonic acid release↓, 12/15-LOX/p38 MAPK/cPLA2↓; Nrf2/HO-1↑[83, 418]
 OxysophoridineAntiapoptosis[419]
 SophoridineAntiapoptosis; ASIC1↓; TRAF6↓/Erk1/2↑[425, 426]
 PiperineAnti-inflammation[420]
 RhynchophyllinePI3K/Akt/mTOR↑[421]
 SinomenineAnti-inflammation: NLRP3 inflammasomes↓, DRD2↑/CRYAB↑/STAT3↓; AMPK↑; acidosis↓: ASIC1a↓[87, 422, 423]
 SolasodineAntioxidation[424]
 TetrandrineGRP78 and HYOU1↓; DJ-1↑[427]
 TrigonellineGlutathione-mediated myeloperoxidase expression↓[428]
 VinpocetineAnti-inflammation: TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB↓[93, 429]

eNotes: ↑: activation or upregulation; ↓: inhibition or downregulation. Abbreviations do not appear in the text. c-Abl: nonreceptor Abelson tyrosine kinase; DJ-1: PARK7, Parkinsonism associated deglycase; GRP78: glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa; HYOU1: hypoxia upregulated protein 1.