Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity / 2021 / Article / Tab 8 / Review Article
Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications Table 8 Neuroprotective alkaloids and their functional mechanisms and targetse .
Compounds Mechanisms and targets Ref. Alkaloids (19) Berberine Antiapoptosis: BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt↑, PI3K p55γ activity↑, Akt/GSK↑; angiogenesis↑; claudin-5↑; anti-inflammation: microglial and astrocyte activation↓, AMPK-dependent microglial M2 polarization↑, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κ B↓ [74 , 92 , 405 –409 ] Boldine Anti-inflammation [410 ] Capsaicin Antiexcitotoxicity: TRPV1-dependent inhibition of NMDA receptors↑; neurovascular protection [47 , 411 ] Dihydrocapsaicin Hypothermia: TRPV1↓; PI3K/Akt↑; BBB protection; antioxidation; anti-inflammation [44 , 412 –414 ] Harmine GLT-1↑; astrocyte activation↓ [35 ] Higenamine HMGB1↓; PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1↑ [415 ] Neferine Mitochondrial protection: Nrf2 pathway↑ [63 ] Nicotine Anti-inflammation: microglial proliferation↓, α 7nAchR↑ [416 ] Levo-tetrahydropalmatine Antiapoptosis: c-Abl↓ [417 ] Oxymatrine Anti-inflammation: arachidonic acid release↓, 12/15-LOX/p38 MAPK/cPLA2↓; Nrf2/HO-1↑ [83 , 418 ] Oxysophoridine Antiapoptosis [419 ] Sophoridine Antiapoptosis; ASIC1↓; TRAF6↓/Erk1/2↑ [425 , 426 ] Piperine Anti-inflammation [420 ] Rhynchophylline PI3K/Akt/mTOR↑ [421 ] Sinomenine Anti-inflammation: NLRP3 inflammasomes↓, DRD2↑/CRYAB↑/STAT3↓; AMPK↑; acidosis↓: ASIC1a↓ [87 , 422 , 423 ] Solasodine Antioxidation [424 ] Tetrandrine GRP78 and HYOU1↓; DJ-1↑ [427 ] Trigonelline Glutathione-mediated myeloperoxidase expression↓ [428 ] Vinpocetine Anti-inflammation: TLR4/MyD88/NF-κ B↓ [93 , 429 ]
e Notes: ↑: activation or upregulation; ↓: inhibition or downregulation. Abbreviations do not appear in the text. c-Abl: nonreceptor Abelson tyrosine kinase; DJ-1: PARK7, Parkinsonism associated deglycase; GRP78: glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa; HYOU1: hypoxia upregulated protein 1.