Tackling of Renal Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats by Silybum marianum Total Extract, Silymarin, and Silibinin via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Nrf2, PPARγ, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

Table 2

Effects of STE, Sm, and Sb on serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid of DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered rats.

Groups	Urea (mg/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Uric acid (mg/dL)
Normal control	53.17 ± 3.72	0.70 ± 0.06	1.45 ± 0.10
DEN control	98.50 ± 6.87	1.12 ± 0.05	5.12 ± 0.35
STE+DEN/AAF/CCl4	56.50 ± 2.68^###	0.77 ± 0.05^###	1.87 ± 0.16^###
Sm+DEN/AAF/CCl4	59.83 ± 3.56^###	0.82 ± 0.03^###	2.93 ± 0.30^###
Sb+DEN/AAF/CCl4	59.00 ± 3.42^###	0.80 ± 0.06^###	2.64 ± 0.19^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+STE	63.00 ± 1.90^###	0.78 ± 0.03^###	2.43 ± 0.12^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+Sm	45.00 ± 1.92^###	0.80 ± 0.03^###	2.50 ± 0.16^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+Sb	69.17 ± 2.59^###	0.78 ± 0.04^###	2.79 ± 0.10^###

Data are presented as . The number of detected rats is six. , , and were significant as compared with normal control rats, and ^#, ^##, and ^### were significant as compared with the DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered group. STE+DEN/AAF/CCl₄, Sm+DEN/AAF/CCl₄, and Sb+DEN/AAF/CCl₄: groups orally treated with STE, Sm, and Sb, respectively, from the 1^st week of DEN injection; DEN/AAF/CCl₄+STE, DEN/AAF/CCl₄+Sm, and DEN/AAF/CCl₄+Sb: groups orally treated with STE, Sm, and Sb, respectively, from the 16^th week of DEN injection.