Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea-Induced Cellular Senescence: An Oxidative Stress Connection?

Figure 3

Chemotherapy-induced senescence. The figure indicates the main types of chemotherapeutic drugs with different mechanisms of action that induce genotoxic stress, triggering several cellular and molecular changes that result in the acquisition of senescence phenotype features indicated in the figure, such as increased p21^Cip1, p16^INK4, and γ-H2Ax expression, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci formation, expression and activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and morphology changes in flat and enlarger cells.