Potential Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cellular Proteins Implicated in Diabesity

Figure 1

Relationship between insulin impairment, ER stress, and diabesity. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; IR: insulin resistance; NO: nitric oxide; Akt: protein kinase B; MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; IRS-1 and 2: insulin receptor substrate; ER stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress; IL6; interleukin-6; IL-4: interleukin-4; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor α; ROS; reactive oxygen species; BH₄: tetrahydrobiopterin; NAD(P)H: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; Cav-1: caveolin-1; Et-1: endothelin-1.