The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson’s Disease

Figure 3

Main signaling pathways involved in Parkinson’s disease that are targeted by herbs or their bioactive ingredients. (a) The generation of ROS and their toxicity to neurons. iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase. (b) AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. (c) The metabolism of DOPA. (d) ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. (e) The crosstalk of the NF-κB, PI3K, NRF2, and p38 MAPK pathways. (f) CASP-1/IL-1β signaling pathway. (g) Grp94/Bip/ATF4 signaling pathway. (h) JNK-Bcl2/XL singaling pathway.