Research Article
Cardiovascular Mortality Risk among Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Registry-Based Analysis
Table 4
Multivariate competing risk analysis for predictors of cardiovascular mortality in patients with GEP-NENs.
| Characteristics | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | <65 | Ref | ≥65 | 4.799 | 4.313-5.341 | <0.001 | Race | White | Ref | Black | 1.307 | 1.160-1.472 | <0.001 | Other | 0.784 | 0.626-0.982 | 0.034 | Hispanic origin | Hispanic | Ref | Non-Hispanic | 1.370 | 1.137-1.651 | <0.001 | Gender | Male | Ref | Female | 0.790 | 0.717-0.869 | <0.001 | Marital status | Married | Ref | Unmarried | 1.562 | 1.410-1.173 | <0.001 | Unknown | 1.171 | 0.984-1.394 | 0.076 | Year of diagnosis | 2000-2004 | Ref | 2005-2009 | 0.798 | 0.717-0.888 | <0.0001 | 2010-2015 | 0.575 | 0.502-0.659 | <0.0001 | Grade | I/II | Ref | III/IV | 0.701 | 0.533-0.923 | 0.011 | Unknown | 1.116 | 0.985-1.265 | 0.085 | Education level | College level ≤25% | Ref | College level >25% | 0.798 | 0.706-0.902 | <0.001 | Mean household income | ≤$50,000 USD | Ref | >$50,000 USD | 1.024 | 0.895-1.171 | 0.73 | Region | West | Ref | Midwest | 1.011 | 0.870-1.176 | 0.88 | South | 0.943 | 0.834-1.065 | 0.34 | Northeast | 0.813 | 0.699-0.945 | <0.01 | Subtype | NET | Ref | NEC | 0.984 | 0.842-1.150 | 0.84 | SEER stage | Localized | Ref | Regional | 0.815 | 0.714-0.931 | <0.01 | Distant | 0.456 | 0.382-0.544 | <0.001 | Unstage | 0.990 | 0.840-1.167 | 0.9 | Primary site | Stomach | Ref | Small intestine | 1.055 | 0.911-1.222 | 0.48 | Appendix | 0.698 | 0.531-0.918 | 0.01 | Colon | 0.844 | 0.698-1.020 | 0.079 | Rectum | 0.550 | 0.468-0.646 | <0.001 | Pancreas | 0.506 | 0.401-0.638 | <0.001 | Surgery | Yes | Ref | No/unknown | 1.346 | 1.188-1.519 | <0.001 | Chemotherapy | Yes | Ref | No/unknown | 1.610 | 1.220-2.125 | <0.001 | Radiotherapy | Yes | Ref | No/unknown | 1.514 | 0.881-2.602 | 0.13 |
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I: Well differentiated; II: Moderately differentiated; III: Poorly differentiated; IV: Undifferentiated; Race: Other (American Indian & AK Native & Asian & Pacific Islander); Marital status: Unmarried (Single & Separated & Divorced & Widowed & Unmarried or Domestic Partner). Abbreviation: HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; NET: neuroendocrine tumor; NEC: neuroendocrine carcinoma.
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