The Potential Mechanisms by which Artemisinin and Its Derivatives Induce Ferroptosis in the Treatment of Cancer

Figure 2

Possible mechanisms of ART against ferroptosis: ferroptosis is characterized by disruption of the homeostatic balance of iron and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation. (a) ART can degrade ferritin or directly increase the concentration of iron in the LIP, thereby interfering with iron metabolism. (b) GPX4 is an important negative regulator in the ferroptosis-inducing pathway, and ART can reduce the expression of GPX4 and increase lipid peroxidation, thereby promoting ferroptosis. (c) ART inhibits ferroptosis by the regulating Nrf2-ARE pathway. (d) ART acts on the PERK-ATF4-HSPA5 pathway and ATF4-CHOP-CHAC1 pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway to regulate ferroptosis.