The Mystery of Exosomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

The downregulated expression levels of RNAs in GDM and the possible mechanism involved in GDM.

Sample	Downregulated	Related mechanism	Publication
Plasma	miR-574-5p and miR-3135b	Associate with insulin signaling pathway	[81]
Placenta tissues	miR-362-5p	Promote cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis via targeting GSR and activating PI3K/Akt pathway	[82]
Placenta	miR-30d	Affect trophoblast cell functions by targeting RAB8A	[83]
Placenta and plasma	miR-96-5p	Increased the viability of trophoblasts	[84]
Placenta-derived macrophages	miR-6869-5p	Prevent from inflammation and inducing M2 macrophages	[85]
Placenta villous	miR-9 and miR-22	Alter placental glucose metabolism by targeting GLUT1 and HK2	[86]
Blood leukocytes	miR-4646	—	[87]
Placental tissue and peripheral blood	miR-345-3p	Inhibit HTR8-/SVneo cell apoptosis and promote cell proliferation and migration by targeting BAK1	[88]
Leukocytes	miR-155-5p	—	[89]
Peripheral blood	miR-193b	Inhibit autophagy and apoptosis by targeting IGFBP5	[90]
Serum	miR-29a/b	—	[91]
Serum and placenta	miR-21	Inhibit cell growth and infiltration by upregulating PPAR-α	[92]
Placenta	miR-29b	HIF3A: a direct target of miR-29b	[93]
Serum and placenta	miR-185	HOMA-IR ↓	[94]
Serum and placenta	miR-132	Enhance the trophoblast cell proliferation	[95]
Placental of rats	miRNA-221	Regulate proliferation, apoptosis and insulin secretion in islet β cells through targeting PAK1	[96]
Placenta tissues	miR-96	Regulate PAK1 expression, insulin secretion, and β-cell function	[97]
Blood	miR-494	Improve pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by targeting PTEN	[98]
Plasma	hsa_circRNA_102893	—	[99]
Plasma	circ_0001173	—	[45]
Placenta and plasma	hsa_circ_0005243	Induce trophoblast cell dysfunction and inflammation by the β-catenin and NF-κB signal pathways	[100]
Placenta	circ_5824, circ_3636, and circ_0395	—	[101]
Plasma	SNHG17	—	[102]
Umbilical cord blood exosomes	Lnc-TBC1D30-4:1, ENST00000596839.1, lncZNF800-1 : 1, lnc-EIF4ENIF1-1 : 1, and lnc-ATP8B3-3 : 1	Most of the exosomal lncRNAs harbored miRNA binding sites	[16]
Placenta	PVT1	Disrupt the function of trophoblast cells through PI3K/Akt pathway	[103]
Blood leukocytes	Pax8-AS1	—	[87]

Abbreviations: GSR: glutathione-disulfide reductase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; BAK1: BCL2-antagonist/killer 1; IGFBP5: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; PAK1: p21-activated kinase 1; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; Pax8-AS1: paired box 8 antisense 1.