Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Stroke: Recent Insights into Autophagy

Figure 3

Manipulation of autophagy in astrocytes after ischemic stroke. DEX exerts a neuroprotection against OGD-induced astrocytes injury via activation of astrocytes autophagy by regulating the TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway [108]. Circular RNA 0025984 protects astrocytes from ischemic injury via inhibition of autophagy by targeting the miR-143-3p/TET1/ORP150 pathway [107]. G1 treatment restores autophagy in astrocytes via activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GRP30) and protected neurons after ischemic stroke [109]. Ginkgolide K promotes astrocyte proliferation and migration after oxygen-glucose deprivation via inducing protective autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway [110]. Knockdown of Circular RNA HECTD1 inhibits astrocyte autophagy via MIR142/TIPARP axis, resulting in inhibition of astrocyte activation after cerebral ischemic stroke [106]. Nec-1, a specific inhibitor of RIP1K, decreased RIP1K–RIP3K complex formation and inhibited autophagy, thereby attenuating astrocytic necrotic cell death in the ischemic cortex [105].