Alternate-Day Ketogenic Diet Feeding Protects against Heart Failure through Preservation of Ketogenesis in the Liver

Figure 4

Liver-specific overexpression of HMGCL restored the cardioprotective effects of KD feeding in TAC mice. (a) CD36, CPT1b, HMGCS2, HMGCL, and BDH1 contents in WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (b) Body weight of WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (c, d) KD feeding increased cardiac systolic function (c) without affecting cardiac diastolic function (d) in liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (e–h) KD feeding decreased heart weight (e), heart weight/body weight (f), cardiac fibrosis (g), and the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes (h) in liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (i) Liver weight of WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (j) H&E and Oil Red staining in liver sections from WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (k, l) Serum ALT (k) and AST (l) in WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (m) Circulating β-OHB levels in WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (n) Cardiac ROS levels in WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. (o) Cardiac expressions of SOD2, GPX1, and catalase in WT and liver-specific HMGCL-overexpressed TAC mice. . ; ; .

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