Reference Study type Disease or surgery Number of patients CytoSorb usage details Primary endpoint Results Adverse effects Asch et al. [77 ] Single-center RCT Acute infective endocarditis HA Single cartridge; intraoperatively and continued for 24 h postoperatively; no flow monitoring Postoperative course of cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α , and IL-1b) and infection parameters (CRP, PCT, and leucocytes) May be useful to equalize higher preoperative levels of CRP and PCT; no advantage in reducing inflammatory parameters or improving hemodynamics No Bernardi et al. [69 ] Single-center pilot RCT Elective CPB surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 200 mL/min Cytokine levelsβ , IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α , and IL-10) within the first five postoperative days No reduction in proinflammatory cytokines; no benefit on clinical outcomes; longer-lasting anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 No Garau et al. [72 ] Single-center RCT Elective on-pump cardiac surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 300 mL/min Serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α ) and PCT Reductions in IL-8 and TNF-α and improvement in CI No Gleason et al. [68 ] Multicenter RCT Elective complex cardiac surgery Safety population Dual cartridges; CPB time minus 1 h; 350-600 mL/min Efficacy endpoint: change in pfHb; No difference in SAEs and 30-day mortality; reductions in pfHb during the valve replacement surgery and reductions in C3a and C5a in the overall efficacy group No Haidari et al. [78 ] Retrospective, nonrandomized study Native mitral valve infective endocarditis HA Single cartridge; pre+intraoperative or intraoperative; no flow monitoring The incidence of postoperative sepsis, sepsis-associated death, and 30-day mortality Reductions in incidence of postoperative sepsis and sepsis-related death, and improvement in hemodynamic outcomes No Hohn et al. [74 ] A subset of a single-center RCT On-pump cardiac surgery Single cartridge; during CPB; Pre- and postadsorber concentrations of HYA, HEP, SYN, and ANP Reduction in HeP Not mentioned Kühne et al. [81 ] Case series Endocarditis Group 1 (intraoperatively) Single cartridge; Inflammation/infection parameters, renal function, lactate plasma levels, catecholamine, and vasopressin demand Postoperative continuation of treatment might be beneficial in group 2 patients with an obviously more pronounced disease severity No Mehta et al. [87 ] Retrospective pilot study Elective aortic surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; no flow monitoring IL-6 levels, PCT, leukocyte count, CRP Reductions in IL-6 and PCT; improvements in respiratory and hemodynamic parameters and ICU and hospital stays Not mentioned Nemeth et al. [88 ] Propensity score-matched cohort study Orthotopic heart transplantation HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 400-500 mL/min Hemodynamic stability, postoperative inflammatory response No difference in inflammatory response; may be beneficial to improve organ function and hemodynamics No Poli et al. [71 ] Single-center pilot RCT Elective cardiac surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; no flow monitoring Key cytokine levels No benefits in pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines; no improvement in relevant clinical outcomes No Saller et al. [86 ] Propensity score-matched cohort study Aortic surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 500 mL/min Catecholamines, acid-base status, transfusion rates Improvements in hemodynamic stability and acid–base balance; reduction in blood transfusion demand; no significant effects on survival No Santer et al. [79 ] Single-center retrospective study Cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 500 mL/min Isotropy and blood product demand during reoperations within the first 24 h No benefits in improving circulation and organ function Yes Taleska et al. [73 ] Single-center RCT Elective complex cardiac surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 400 mL/min Cytokine and complement C5a levels, expression of CD64 and CD163 markers on monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes No benefits in CI or clinical outcome parameters; effects on the expression of CD64 CD163 by CytoSorb No Träger et al. [80 ] Case series Acute infective endocarditis HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 200-400 mL/min Serum IL-6 and IL-8, vasopressor dose, MAP, lactate levels, need for postoperative organ support Reductions in IL-6, IL-8, and lactate levels; improvement in hemodynamic stability No Wagner et al. [85 ] Single-center RCT Complex cardiovascular procedures HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 300-500 mL/min Myocardial, monocyte and vascular miRNA plasma levels Significantly increased the plasma levels of miRNA-133a Not mentioned Wisgrill et al. [75 ] Subcohort from a single-center RCT Elective CPB surgery HA Single cartridge; during CPB; 200 mL/min MVs phenotyping and counting No effect on circulating MV count and function Not mentioned
