Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer

Table 1

The effects of aloe emodin on cell cycle.

Cancer type	Cell line	Dose	Cell cycle arrest	Mechanism	Reference
Colon cancer cell line	WiDr	30 μmol/L/48 h	Cell cycle distribution: G0 (2%), G1 (20.3%), S (12%), and G2/M (64.2%)	Inhibition of cyclin B1 promoter	[49]
Esophageal cancer cell lines	TE1	0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM/48 h	The number of cells in the S phase decreased depending on the dose	Inhibition of cyclin D1 transcription activity	[36]
Human malignant glioma cells	U87	58.6 μg/mL/24 and 48 h	Induced S phase arrest	A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)	[24]
Cervical cancer cell line	HeLa	2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L/72 h	Increased distribution of cells in the G2/M phase	A decrease in cyclin A and (CDK2), increase in cyclin B1 and CDK1	[38]
Tongue squamous cancer cell line	SCC-4	10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μM/48 h	S phase arrest	Increase in p53, p21, p27; Decrease in cyclin A, E, thymidylate synthase, and Cdc25A (cell division cycle 25 A)	[50]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line	NPC	60 μM/24 and 48 h	G(2)/M phase arrest	Increase in cyclin B1 level	[51]
Hepatoma cell line	Hep G2	10 and 20 μg/mL/24 and 48 h	Cell accumulation in the G1 phase	p53 accumulation and increase in CDK inhibitor expression	[40]
Human bladder cancer cell line	T24	5,10,25, and 50 μM/24 h	G2/M phase arrest	Inhibition of cyclin B1 expression and increase in p53 expression	[52]
Pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma line; Lung cancer cell line; Hepatoma cell line	FaDu H1299 Hep 3B	60 μM/24 and 48 h	S phase arrest	Increase in cyclin A and E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1)expression, and CDK2 phosphorylation	[53]
Oral cancer cell line	KB	10 to 40 μM/1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days	G2/M phase arrest	KB cells have the wild-type p53 gene and have been reported to be sensitive to aloe emodin	[54]
Glioma cell line	U251	20 μM/24 h	G2/M phase blocking	A decrease in the active form of ERK1/2 (the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½)	[55]
Promyelocytic leukemia cell line	HL-60	5,10,15, 20, and 25 μM/48 h	G2/M arrest	Increase in CDK1 activity and p27 levels	[42]
Human glioma cell line; Transformed glia cell line	U-373MG; SVG	40 μM/48 h	S phase arrest	Decreased protein kinase C (PKC) activity	[26]
Gastric cancer cell line	MKN45	0.05 Mm/24 and 48 h	G0/G1 phase arrest	A decrease in the spermine levels	[33]
Gastric cancer cell line	SGC-7901	2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM/48 and 72 h	G2/M phase arrest	A decrease in cyclin A and CDK2, increase in cyclin B1 and CDK1 expressions	[31]
Murine melanoma	B16	40 μM/24 h	G2/M phase arrest	p53 accumulation and increased expression of cyclin D1 and D3	[56]
Skin cancer cell lines	A431 SCC25	25.9 μM(A4319 and 19.3 (SCC25) μM/24 and 48 h	S-G2/M phase arrest	Upregulation of p53	[57]
Breast carcinoma cell line	SkBr3	20 and 40 μM/24, 48, and 72 h	Sub-G1 cell cycle arrest	Cleavage of PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase)	[58]