Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer

Table 2

Induction of apoptosis by aloe emodin.

Cell line	Concentration	Apoptosis mechanism	Reference
CH27; H460	40 μM	Caspase-3 activation, increase in Cyt c; Changes in PKC isozymes	[61]
CH27	40 μM	Modulation of the expression of Bcl-2	[62]
H460	40 μM	Nucleophosmin release to the cytosol, nucleophosmin degradation	[63]
H460	40 μM	DNA aggregation	[64]
H460	40 μM	Protein kinase, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and p38 protein expression modulation	[65]
H460	40 μM	Increased expression of HSP70, 150 kDa oxygen-regulated protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and HSP60	[66]
H460	20 μM	Reduction in Bcl-2 protein levels and proform caspase-3 and caspase-7 protein expression levels; Increase in proform of caspase-8 and caspase-9	[67]
U-373MG	40 μM	Decreased PKC isozyme levels, induction of caspase-7 activation	[26]
U87	58.6 mg/mL	Collapse in ΔΨm, oligonucleosomal fragmentation	[24]
SJ-N-KP	25 μM	Cell shrinkage, membrane bubbles, and nuclear fragmentation	[25]
C6	20 μM	Increase in LDH, chromatin condensation, decreased phospho-ERK level	[55]
HL-60	10 μM	Increased caspase-3 levels, DNA fragmentation	[42]
SCC4	30 μM	Increased the release of AIF, procaspase-9, Endo G, and Cyt c; Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation; Decrease in ΔΨm, PARP, and Bcl-2 levels	[50]
SCC15	50 μM	Regulation of the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9	[35]
KB	40 μmol/L	Upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax protein; Downregulation of Bcl-2 protein	[34]
NPC	60 μM	Caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation	[51]
Hep G2; Hep 3B	10 and 20 μg/mL	Increased p53 expression (Hep G2); Increased p21 protein level, proapoptotic Bax expression (Hep G2 and Hep 3B)	[40]
Huh-7	100 μM and 200 μM	Chromatin fragmentation, decreased calpain-2, and ubiquitin protein ligase levels	[41]
T24	5 to 50 μM	Increased p53 expression, p21, and caspase-3 activation, Bax, and Fas/APO1 expression; Decrease in Bcl-2	[52]
FaDu, hepatoma Hep 3B MG-63	60 μM	Induction of ERK and caspase-8	[53]
Hep G2	40 μM	Overexpression ASK1, activation of JNK and MAPK	[82]
WiDr	30 μmol/L	Caspase-9 and caspase-6 activation; Downregulation of phosphorylated ERK; Increased phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK	[75]
DLD-1 and WiDr	0.37 mM	Increased release of Cyt c and AIF; Caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, nuclear shrinkage	[76]
A375	40 μM	Decreased Bcl-2 expression, downregulation of iNOS	[56]
AGS and NCI-N87	0.15 mM	Upregulation of TNF-α and Fas ligand; Caspase-8 activation	[77]
A431; SCC25	25.9 μM; 19.3 μM	Increase in fragmented nuclei, the release of AIF and Cyt c; Caspase-3 activation	[57]
SGC-7901	10 μM	Increase in the caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein levels	[78]
MCF7	5, 10, 15, and 20 μM	Induction of mitochondrial and ER death pathways	[30]
MCF7	100 μM	Increased Fas expression	[79]
MCF7	80 μM	Downregulation of IGFBP-2, IGF-1R, and B-raf gene expressions	[80]
SkBr3	40 μM	Increase in cleaved PARP; Suppressive effect on the PI3K/Akt/mtor signal pathway	[81]
SK-N-BE(2c); SJ-N-KP	5-30 μM	Increase in the mRNA expression of p53; Increase in the p21, Bax, Bcl-2, and CD95 mRNA levels in SJ-N-KP cells but not in SK-N-BE(2c) cells	[69]
K-562	60 μM	Increase in the active caspase-9 and procaspase-8 expression (12 h); Cleavage of procaspase-8 protein to the active forms (24 h); Increase in the active form of caspase-3 (72 h)	[44]
P3HR-1	28 μM	Cleavage of procaspase-3, procaspase-9, and procaspase-8 proteins to the active forms (12 h)	[44]