|
Phytochemicals | Dose | Pharmacological effects | Animal models | References |
|
Quercetin | 20 mg/kg (i.p.); until 7 days post-SCI | ↓ Cavity formation; glial scar (GFAP); ↑ axonal regeneration (5-HT; NF200); locomotor recovery | SD male rats; contusion-SCI T8; | [71] |
7.5 mg/kg (i.p.); twice daily until 10 days post-SCI | ↑ Locomotor recovery; preventing necroptosis; preservation of myelin and axonal | SD male rats; compression-SCI T8 | [77] |
EGCG | 50 mg/kg (directly to the spinal cord surface) until 4 weeks post-SCI | ↓ Glial scar (GFAP); ↑ growth factors (FGF2; VEGF); axonal sprouting (GAP43); locomotor recovery; preservation of white and grey matter; modulation macrophage markers (M1 and M2) | Wistar rats; balloon compression-SCI T8 | [82] |
Curcumin and EGCG | 60 mg/kg 17 mg/kg (i.p.); until 4 weeks post-SCI | ↓ Glial scar (GFAP); ↑ axonal sprouting (GAP43; Olig2); locomotor recovery; tissue regeneration; neuroprotective effects | Wistar male rats; balloon compression-SCI T10 | [92] |
EGCG | 30 mg/kg (i.p.); until 7 days post-SCI | ↓ TNF-α; RhoA; glial scar (GFAP) ↑ Sensory recovery | Female BALB/c mice; contusion-SCI T8-T9; | [93] |
Curcumin | 60, 6 mg/kg (i.p.); until 4 weeks post-SCI | ↓ Glial scar (GFAP); ↑ axonal sprouting (GAP43; Olig2); locomotor recovery Anti-inflammatory effects | Wistar male rats; balloon compression-SCI T8-T10 | [241] |
Polymer-curcumin and ependymal progenitor/stem cell | 405 mg; 1.1 mmol | ↓ ROCK1; RhoA; GAP43; p-Limk1; glial scar (GFAP); microglial activation (Iba1); macrophage infiltration (ED1); ↑ locomotor recovery | SD rats; Horizon Impactor-SCI T8; 250 kdyn | [309] |
Nanoformulated curcumin | 0.01 mL | ↓ GAP43; IL-1β; TNF-α; IFN-γ; IL-6; glial scar; ↑ functional recovery; preservation of white matter | Wistar male rats; balloon compression-SCI T10 | [322] |
Curcumin and mesenchymal stem cells | 60, 6 mg/kg (i.p.); until 4 weeks post-SCI | ↓ Glial scar (GFAP); ↑ axonal sprouting (GAP43); locomotor and sensory recovery; preservation of white and grey matter | Wistar rats; balloon compression-SCI T8 | [323] |
Naringin | 20, 40 mg/kg (p.o.); until 4 weeks post-SCI | ↑ Remyelination (GSK-3β; β-catenin); axonal sprouting (NG2; Olig2); locomotor recovery | SD female rats; contusion-SCI T10 | [326] |
Caffeic acid hydrogel and human gingival-derived neural stem cell | | ↓ Glial scar (GFAP); ↑ axonal growth; recovery of damaged spinal tissue; locomotor recovery Maturation of neuronal cells | Wistar female rats; hemitransection-SCI T9-T11 | [327] |
|