Effects of Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Interconnected Pathways during Spinal Cord Injury

Table 3

Clinical potentials of polyphenols against oxidative/inflammatory disorders.

Polyphenols	Clinical study	Population	Protocol	Therapeutic findings	References
Curcumin	Major depressive disorder; DBRPC	; ; -59	1000 mg/day of curcumin/soybean powder; 6 weeks	↓ TNF-α and IL-1β; ↑ BDNF	[347]
	Osteoarthritis; Controlled clinical trial	Treatment (50): Control (50):	1000 mg/day of Meriva (containing 200 mg curcumin); 32 weeks	↓ IL-1β and IL-6	[348]
	Osteoarthritis; Randomized controlled trial	Curcuminoid (39): Diclofenac (41):	30 mg of curcuminoid; 25 mg of diclofenac sodium; 3 times daily, 4 weeks	↓ COX-2	[349]
	Osteoarthritis; RBDCT	Curcuminoid (19): Placebo (21):	1500 mg/day of curcuminoid/placebo; 6 weeks	↓ TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6, substance P, and CGRP	[350]
	Type 2 diabetes; Clinical trial		400 mg/3 times a day	↓ MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α	[351]
	SCI; Randomized clinical trial	; -67; Treatment (12): Control (8):	Omega-3 250-500 mg/3 times a day; Chlorella 1000 mg/6 times a day; antioxidants (100 mg coenzyme Q10, 200 mg N-acetylcysteine, 150 mg mixed tocopherols, 100 mg DL-alpha-lipoic acid, 60 mg green tea extract, 5.5 mg zinc, and 100 μg selenium, 2 times a day); curcumin 400 mg/3 times a day; 12 weeks	↓ IL-1β	[353]
	Multiple sclerosis; Randomized controlled trial	Curcuminoid (25): Placebo (25):	80 mg/day of nanocurcumin; 24 weeks	↓ TGF-β and IL-10	[354]
	Metabolic syndrome; Randomized controlled trial	Curcuminoid (58): Placebo (59):	1000 mg/day of curcuminoid/placebo; 8 weeks	↓ MDA, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-6; ↑ SOD	[370, 371]
Resveratrol	Alzheimer’s disease; RBDCT	Resveratrol (56); Placebo (48)	500 mg/day of placebo/resveratrol (with a dose escalation by 500 mg increments every 13 weeks, ending with 1000 mg twice daily); 52 weeks	↓ MMP-9; ↑ MMP-10; FGF-2 and IL-4	[356]
	Type 2 diabetes; RBDCT	Resveratrol (23): Placebo (18):	800 mg/day of resveratrol/placebo; 8 weeks	↑ TAC; Nrf2 and SOD	[357]
	Obesity; RBDCT	; ; Treatment: Placebo:	282 mg/day of EGCG and 80 mg/day of resveratrol/placebo; 12 weeks	↑ Mitochondrial capacity and fat oxidation	[358]

BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CGRP: calcitonin gene peptide; COX: cyclooxygenase; DBRPC: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled; IL: interleukin; : male; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP: matrix metallopeptidase; : number; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PROBE: prospective randomized open-end blinded evaluation, RBDCT: randomized double-blinded controlled trial; SCI: spinal cord injury; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; : woman.