Occupational Therapy for Adults with Overweight and Obesity: Mapping Interventions Involving Occupational Therapists

Table 2

Intervention components (a) and intervention strategies (b) presented in the included studies.

(a)

Intervention component categories	Intervention component modalities	Declared OT role in the sample [ref.]	The roles not specifically assigned to OT in the sample [ref.]
Physical activity (PA)	Interventionist-led	Promoting participation in moderate exercise [36]; assisting participation in exercise supported with VR technology [39, 40]	Promoting participation in PA [28, 29]; providing strengthening exercises at workplace, graduating PA progression [30, 31]; practicing PA in groups [33]; inclusion of feasible, available, assessable, affordable, and likely effective outdoor activities that are time-limited and suitable for evaluation, replication, and implementation into mental health services [35]
	In leisure time/self-managed	Providing access to exercise, e.g., with elastic bands [36] and VR technology [39, 40]; encouraging behavior changes by self-assessment of PA [37]	Encouraging continued strengthening exercises and initiating aerobic exercises at home [30, 31]
Relaxation techniques	Interventionist-led	Practicing progressive muscle relaxation [37]	Use of relaxation techniques [32]
	In leisure time		Encouraging home relaxation practice [32]
Nutrition	Dieting	Encouraging behavior changes by self-assessment of additional fruit and vegetable consumption [37]	Encouraging calorie reduction [28, 29]; composing individual dietary plan based on the Danish dietary recommendations, dietary records, and identification of dietary preferences, using evidence-based guidelines for calorie reductions [30, 31]; using recommendations from the clinical guidelines in treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (USA) and encouraging proper fluid intake [33]
	Meal replacement and meal preparation		In combination with identification of food preferences and ideas to preparation of favorite foods in a healthy way, moving from meal replacement to purchasing food at the grocery store [28, 29]; teaching to move from meal replacements to purchasing food at the grocery store, improving food purchasing habits and meal preparation techniques minimizing the need for extensive menu planning and cooking [33]
	Social eating	Providing healthy meal experience as part of group sessions [36]	Providing experiences in eating together [28, 29] and dining out [33]
Cognitive techniques	CBT elements	Encouraging positive cognition [36]	Using CBT elements in promoting health behavior changes at workplace, encouraging positive thinking [30, 31]
	Coping		Reflecting dysfunctional attitudes and coping behaviors [30, 31]; instructing in coping techniques [32]
	Memory support	Guidance in improving memory function with social support [37]	Teaching compensatory strategies for cognitive impairments [28, 29], i.e., as part of psychiatric rehabilitation strategies [33]
	Motivational support	Guidance in using social support to motivation, listing health benefits and motivational inspiration, repeating affirmations to oneself, and environment modifications [37]; making activity enjoyable [39]; positive role modelling [39]	Using simplification of material, active learning, repetition, flexible methods of presenting information, visual aids and reinforces [33]; improvement of motivation, self-esteem, and sense of belonging [35]
Disease-specific topics		Mood and quality of life monitoring in postsurgical breast cancer survivors [32]	Diabetes management in relation to hypoglycemia, sick days, medication, blood glucose testing, foot care, and psychological issues [38]

(b)

Intervention strategies	Intervention strategy modalities	Declared OT role in the sample [ref.]	The roles not specifically assigned to OT in the sample [ref.]
Assessment		Supervising the assessors and guiding the assessment process [32]
Education	On nutrition		Instructing in nutrition [28, 29]; teaching the importance of regular eating [34]; teaching identification of energy values, use of food labels, food composition, and appropriate portion sizes, with focus on experiential learning [33]
	On exercise	Providing exercise recommendations based on clinical guidelines (USA) within a multidisciplinary intervention [38]	Recommending moderate PA 3–5 times a week [33]
	On the role of activity	Education on the role of activity [38]	Teaching the importance of daily activity scheduling [34]
	On disease		Teaching self-management of diabetes [38]
	On stress management	Providing information and experiential learning on stress management [37]
	Unspecified	Having focus on active learning [36]	Providing information on various rotational topics in relation to healthy lifestyle [34]
Individual goal setting		Promoting individual choice and assistance in setting daily and weekly goals [36]; helping in setting realistic and measurable goals [37]	Help in setting individualized goals [28, 29, 33], i.e., individual weight loss goals [30, 31]
Group discussion	Interventionist-led	Providing supervised discussion in small groups [37]	Building up team spirit to prevent dropout [30, 31]; promoting of sharing experiences, question-and-answer approach for providing modified learning opportunities for an individual [32]; providing social support through group interaction [33]; encouraging patients to help each other through voluntary experience exchange [34]
Phone call support		Providing encouragement and support to health behavior changes [37]	Weekly phone calls during maintenance phase aimed problem solving and goal setting, monthly phone calls in follow-up phase to promote sustainability [28, 29]
Instrumental support	Printed/written materials	Supporting behavioral changes with recipes and guidelines for eating out [36]	Providing disease-related printed materials [32]; weekly newsletter in maintenance phase monthly mails in follow-up phase with tips and reminders encouraging healthy lifestyle [28, 29]; promoting calorie count guides [33]
	Video guiding		Video guide for self-monitoring of disease-related health issues in breast cancer survivors [32]
	Exercise tools	Promoting accessibility to exercise through providing elastic bands [36]; supporting exercise with VR technology [39, 40]	Providing training tools, e.g., pedometers, weights, stretch bands, heart rate monitors, and workout videotapes [33]
	Cooking utensils		Providing cooking utensils to promote proper nutrition [33]
	Unspecified		Instrumental support given/unclear [28, 29]
Skill training	Weight control	Training in managing weight control [38]
	Exercise self-management	Teaching to estimate own training intensity and heart-rate [37]
	Relaxation techniques	Teaching progressive muscle relaxation [37]	Instruction in relaxation techniques [32]
	One’s own diet composition	Co-operating with dietitians in helping clients to calculate an individual diet [37]
	Use of technology	Instructing in use of VR technology in exercise [39, 40]
	Self-control for sustainable health behavior changes	Planning daily behaviors that can impact weight with focus on small changes [36]; inspiration for rethinking of existing habits, planning of new health behaviors and environment control [37]	Focusing on transferring behavioral changes into habit patterns in maintenance phase, identifying small successes and issues in daily living [28, 29]; Using a fast food guide on a dining out session [33]
	Social skills		Improvement of social skills [35]
Homework assignments	On exercises	Encouraging behavior changes by self-assessment [37]	Encouraging positive thinking with homework between sessions [30, 31]; daily PA log [33]
	On nutrition	Encouraging behavior changes by self-assessment [37]	Nutrition log [33]
Community involvement	Patient organisation	Promoting co-operation with community services [38]	Co-operating with a community support program to provide support between group sessions [33]
	Family and friends	Prompting systemic and holistic rehabilitation process [38]
	Local sport and leisure facilities		Encouraging using local sport facilities to increase daily PA [30, 31]; planning and promoting participation in adventure outdoors activities [35]

BP = blood pressure; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; OT = occupational therapy; PA = physical activity.