The Priming Effects of Mirror Visual Feedback on Bilateral Task Practice: A Randomized Controlled Study
Table 2
Descriptive and inferential statistics for outcome measures.
Pretest scores
Posttest scores
Estimated between-group difference‡
(95% CI)§
Mirror therapy
Bilateral arm training
Mirror therapy
Bilateral arm training
Mean/median differences (95% CI)
Fugl-Meyer Assessment—upper extremity
Proximal
28.33 (5.03)
26.27 (6.26)
29.42 (5.18)
28.09 (5.61)
−0.74 (−2.26-0.78)
0.83
−0.40 (−1.22-0.44)
Distal
5.08 (3.53)
6.73 (5.06)
6.75 (3.39)
8.18 (5.12)
0.22 (−1.24-1.68)
0.39
0.12 (−0.70-0.94)
Total
33.42 (7.48)
33 (9.74)
36.17 (8.01)
36.27 (9.57)
−0.52 (−2.83-1.79)
0.67
−0.19 (−1.00-0.64)
Revised Nottingham Sensory Assessment†
Light touch
4 (0-8)
8 (6-8)
7 (0-8)
8 (7-8)
0 (−0.42-1.42)
0.37
0.18 (−0.86-1.22)
Temperature
2 (0-4)
6 (0-8)
4 (1-7)
5.5 (0-7)
0 (0.14-2.74)
0.05
1.00 (−0.09-2.09)
Pinprick
8 (2-8)
8 (7-8)
8 (3-8)
8 (8-8)
0 (−2.31-1.75)
0.50
0.00 (−1.03-1.03)
Pressure
8 (2-8)
8 (8-8)
8 (0-8)
8 (8-8)
0 (−0.62-0.40)
0.50
0.00 (−1.03-1.03)
Localization
0 (0-5)
5 (0-7)
3 (0-4)
8 (4-8)
−1.5 (−3.14-0.14)
0.95
−1.05 (−2.15-0.05)
Bilateral simultaneous touch
7 (0-8)
8 (6-8)
4 (0-8)
8 (8-8)
0 (−1.72-0.62)
0.68
−0.26 (−1.30-0.78)
Tactile total scale
27 (6-41)
44 (27-46)
34 (11-41)
45.5 (35-47)
0 (−4.28-3.28)
0.70
−0.29 (−1.33-0.75)
Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory
41.42 (7.05)
42.82 (11.63)
46.58 (9.39)
50.27 (14.93)
−2.28 (−6.59-2.03)
0.85
−0.44 (−1.25-0.40)
Motor Activity Log
Amount of use
0.58 (0.27)
0.84 (0.56)
1.37 (0.7)
1.33 (0.8)
0.30 (−0.09-0.69)
0.08
0.62 (−0.24-1.44)
Quality of movement
0.44 (0.24)
0.67 (0.6)
1.18 (0.66)
1.17 (0.73)
0.24 (−0.14-0.62)
0.12
0.50 (−0.35-1.31)
Stroke Impact Scale overall
65.46 (6.87)
64.46 (20.53)
71.38 (9.44)
64.56 (17.4)
5.82 (0.40-11.24)
0.02
0.89 (0.003-1.71)
Note: data are the mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range). CI = confidence interval. †Only those participants who scored less than 48 points at pretest, indicating sensation impairments, were included in the data analysis. ‡Mean/median difference was subtracted mean/median change score of bilateral arm training group from the one of mirror therapy group. § is Cohen’s for the independent -test or Mann–Whitney test.
