Included participants: various diagnoses (), F30-39 (), age years, both in- and outpatients Completed participants: Treatment (), control ()
Score change; SB, SA, SSMA in BDI & STAI
Intervention program: 12-week AAT with farm animals (dairy cows, sheep, horses, meat production with cattle) Main tasks: patting, brushing, washing, saddling, riding horses, and moving animals from different places in the cowshed and between different pastures Control group: usual treatment
Depression significantly decreased between baseline and six-month follow-up in both treatment and control groups, but no significant difference was observed in depression scores between the treatment and control group at any point in time. Patients with the largest reduction in BDI scores reported the largest increase in coping (), mood (), self-esteem (), and extroversion (). Favoring physical contact with the animals correlated strongly with improved mood.
RCT articles only Databases: Medline (), Cochrane Library (), CINAHL (), PEDro () Satisfied criteria () Final included ()
PEDro scale rating Meta-analysis and BES Primary outcome: physical ability and basic ADL () Secondary outcome: depressive symptoms, participation, QoL ()
Group 1: compared intervention group to usual care or placebo control () Group 2: compared two interventions. At times, difficult to ascertain whether the control condition was placebo control or alternate intervention () For the study’s 2nd outcome, the control group may have been described as a placebo in terms of primary outcome but may have had a treatment effect in secondary outcomes
A total of 54 studies were classified into nine types. Three types showed related findings, but only exercise showed an effective outcome. (1) Exercise: this had a significant reduction in depression at three months’ follow-up for those who had a baseline depressed mood score. But insufficient evidence for improving participation or QoL and promote home-based and physical rehabilitation exercise. (2) Single discipline community-based rehabilitation: insufficient to limited evidence in improving depressed mood, participation, and QoL aspects. (3) Care coordination, psychosocial and interdisciplinary management: no BES classification possible for depressed mood, participation, and QoL.
Participants: mothers with MDD (), mean age Randomized in IH-CBT (), SHV () Completed %
Measure at pre-, post-, and three-month follow-up treatments EPDS SCID-I BSI ISEL SNI
Intervention program: IH-CBT and home visiting; IH-CBT: 15 sessions, weekly, +lasted 60 mins plus a booster session one-month posttreatment. Home visiting consisted of HFA () and NFP () Control group: standard home visit (SHV)
Psychological distress decreased (broad improvement) at posttreatment and follow-up. IH-CBT increased social support (affiliative and belongingness aspects), whereas tangible support was not significant. No group differences were found in size and involvement with social networks.
Databases: Cochrane Database, Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, TRoPHI Published Jan 1995–Oct 2014 24 studies met inclusion criteria and studied in community settings
WMHCIDI BDI-Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Assessment risk of bias
(1) Peer support, e.g., sharing and empathizing with others (2) Skill-building, e.g., coping skills, action planning skills (3) Group-based activities, e.g., team building activities, community clubs, outing within the community, group walk, horticultural activities, trust-building task (4) Psychoeducation, e.g., group-based education on contributors to stress, depressive symptoms, and mental well-being (5) Psychotherapy, e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy (6) Exercise, e.g., walking, playing football, yoga (7) Linking community resources, e.g., linking participants with various supports and resources in the community
22 of 24 studies used a combination of approaches. 17 of 24 studies showed a reduction in depressive symptoms. One study (treatment: peer support, group-based activities, exercise, and skill building) reported improved life satisfaction. Most RCT studies had a low risk of bias, but several indicators were unclear toward less information. In comparison, the nonrandomized study had greater variability resulting in a risk of bias.
Participants: outpatient (), years old with diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Experimental group (), control group ()
Four-time score measure; baseline (T0)—after the program (T1, T2, T3) HADS LSAS UW-QoL KPS
Intervention program: (1) Educational manual for personal hygiene treatment, principal and skill social interaction, and supportive psychological care (2) BCPHE; 40 mins, five sessions/day (3) Introduction (4) Application principles and skills (3) Individual verbal and nonverbal behaviors to communication and interaction (4) Group discussion, reflection, and feedback (5) Questions and answers Control group: routine care
Less fear of social interactions, less avoidance of social interactions, and improved physical function during the three months after the intervention.
Participants: lumbar spine fusion with depressive symptoms (), years Intervention group (), control group ()
HADS ODI QoL (EQ-5D-5L questionnaire) LBPRS
w-SPIINA: animation displayed chronology of initial preparation for surgery to postsurgical rehabilitation for the first three months at home ISG and a diary visualizing the progress in pain and activity to increase patients’ satisfaction with social life Control group: standard treatment
No significant difference within the treatment and the control group regarding changes in HADS at three-month follow-up. No significant differences between groups (outcome measures: symptoms of anxiety and depression, pain, disability, and QoL). The depressed scores declined in cases of both anxiety and depression from baseline to three-month follow-up before they increased again from 3 to 6 months.
Participants: women MDD with obesity (), age 18–65 years Intervention group, mean age Control group, not specified
BDI-II weekly, during the baseline, six-month follow-up assessments Social impairment and goal-directed behavior using the BA for Depression Scale (BAD)
Intervention program: be active condition, individual delivered BAD then a group-based lifestyle intervention Standard condition: group-based lifestyle intervention Both conditions had intensive treatment and maintenance phase, six months each
Greater improvement in hedonic capacity, environmental reward, and social impairment was associated with greater reductions in depression over six months.
Participants: outpatient (), PTSD (), depression (), both () Age: <24 years (), 24–30 years (, >30 years () Completed baseline and follow-up (), attended ≥3 sessions ()
Brief self-report questionnaire The PTSD Checklist- Military version Major Depression Inventory (self-report)
Sports-oriented intervention using surfing in an experiential and skill-based program Sessions combine the active experience of surfing with the focused group processing and collaborative social participation among civilian volunteers and fellow veterans 25–35 persons/group; 4 hours/session, five sessions/five weeks
Clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD severity () and depressive symptoms (median scores decreased from 33 to 14, ). Decreasing depression and reducing PTSD symptom clusters: symptom clusters, avoidance, and hyperarousal but no change in intrusion symptoms.
Participants, study 1: community members’ risk of depression (), mean age Participants, study 2: outpatients completed CBT (); depression (), anxiety (), mean age
Study 1: DASS-21, social identification, frequency of attendance Study 2: symptom checklist; ZSRDS, BAI, QoL Inventory Social identification
Study 1: community reintegration group: joining 1 of 4 recreational, social groups (“Reclink”) run by a community organization; indoor soccer, sewing, yoga, art, at least monthly Study 2: clinical psychology group: interventions focused on learning new cognitive and behavioral skills and involved active participation during sessions and homework tasks 2–3.5-hour groups per week, four weeks with groups of 6–12 patients
Both treatment programs contributed to a decline in depression. In study 1: program provided benefit from the social group as a group member. Social identification is expected to benefit from a community-based intervention to reduce social isolation. In study 2: benefits of social identification were greater for depressive symptoms, and it showed significant improvement in the quality of life.
Participants from 12 countries, 1st wave (2004/2005) (), followed by 2nd wave (2006/2007) and wave 4th (2010/2011) () Aged ≥50 years, mean Excluded 3rd wave, not assessed depressive symptoms
Depressive symptom (EURO-D scale) Focus mainly on changes between wave 1 and 2
Study activities: (1) Voluntary or charity work (2) Educational or training courses (3) Sports, social clubs, or other kinds of club activities (4) Participation in religious organizations (5) Participation in political or community organizations
The prevalence of depressive symptoms declined between waves 1 and 2 but increased between waves 2 and 4. Increased participation in religious activities was associated with a decline in depressive symptoms, whereas increased participation in political/community organizations predicted higher depressive symptoms score.
Moderate
Abbreviation: ADL: activity of daily living; AAT: animal-assisted therapy; BA: behavioral activation; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BCPHE: behavior change program and health education; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BES: best evidence synthesis; BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory; CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HFA: Healthy Families America; HNC: head and neck cancer; IH-CBT: in-home cognitive behavioral therapy; ISEL: Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; ISG: Internet Support Group; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Scale; LBPRS: low back pain rating scale; LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; MDD: major depressive disorder; NFP: nurse-family partnership; ODI: Oswestry disability index; PEDro: Physiotherapy Evidence Database; PLF: instrumented posterolateral fusion; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; QoL: quality of life; SA: score after; SB: score before; SCID-I: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, January 2007 version; SHV: standard home visiting; SNI: Social Network Index; SSMA: score six months after; STAI: the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory; UW-QoL: University of Washington Quality of Life Scale; WMHCIDI: World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview; w-SPIINA: web-based spine platform featuring interaction and information by animation; ZSRDS: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
