Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey

<table>(a) Spotted hyenas globally during the Late Pleistocene. ((b) and (c)) Ice Age spotted hyena <i>Crocuta crocuta spelaea</i> (Goldfuss, 1823) sites in Europe during the Late Pleistocene before the Last Glacial Maximum (113.000–24.000 BP) with absence in alpine regions (= red areas). (d) Skeletons from Europe: adult individual skeleton from Výpustek Cave (Moravian Karst, CZ, coll. NHMW); composed cub skeleton from Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave (Bohemian Karst, coll. NHMP); adult individual skeleton from Konĕprusy Cave (Bohemian Karst, CZ, coll. NHMP).</table>

Paleontology Journal

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Figure 1: Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 

Figure 1 | Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 