Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening According to Health Professional Counseling and Age in the United States
Table 2
Odds of receiving a PSA test in the past two years according to whether or not a health professional had ever talked with the respondent about the benefits and/or harms of PSA testing.
PSA in the past two years unadjusted
PSA in the past two years adjusted for the other variables in the table
No.
Col%
Row %
Odds ratio
95% LCL
95% UCL
Pr > |t|
Odds ratio
95% LCL
95% UCL
Pr > |t|
Talk about PSA with health professional
Benefits & harms
27408
18.4
61.2
13.93
12.98
14.95
<0.0001
10.07
9.34
10.85
<0.0001
Benefits only
34532
23.9
63.3
15.24
14.20
16.35
10.76
9.99
11.58
Harms only
1598
1.3
36.0
4.98
3.91
6.35
3.87
2.94
5.10
Neither
66451
56.4
10.2
1
1
Race/ethnicity
White
100435
68.6
34.7
1
<0.0001
1
<0.0001
Black
8746
10.4
30.7
0.83
0.77
0.91
1.14
1.02
1.27
Asian
2520
4.4
22.6
0.55
0.44
0.68
0.68
0.54
0.85
Am. Indian/Alaskan Nat
2359
1.0
24.1
0.60
0.49
0.73
0.89
0.70
1.14
Hispanic
8242
13.9
23.7
0.58
0.52
0.65
1.26
1.10
1.45
Other
3881
1.8
26.4
0.68
0.59
0.78
0.97
0.81
1.16
Age groups
40–54
37152
41.3
14.6
1
<0.0001
1
<0.0001
55–69
54197
38.8
41.7
4.19
3.92
4.47
2.86
2.65
3.09
70 or older
34834
20.0
49.8
5.80
5.39
6.25
3.84
3.51
4.21
Marital status
Married
78406
65.0
35.5
1
<0.0001
1
<0.0001
Divorced
19436
13.8
27.0
0.67
0.62
0.72
0.87
0.80
0.96
Widowed
9739
5.5
37.1
1.07
0.96
1.19
0.81
0.72
0.93
Separated
2685
2.5
20.0
0.45
0.38
0.55
0.79
0.64
0.97
Never married
12751
10.3
19.6
0.44
0.41
0.49
0.73
0.65
0.82
Unmarried couple
2720
2.6
21.8
0.51
0.42
0.60
0.79
0.64
0.98
Missing
446
0.3
24.8
0.60
0.42
0.86
0.80
0.52
1.22
Education level
< High school
9678
14.2
19.9
0.61
0.55
0.68
<0.0001
0.82
0.72
0.94
<0.0001
High school
33847
27.1
29.0
1
1
Some college/tech school
31726
28.5
32.9
1.20
1.12
1.29
1.04
0.96
1.13
College/tech school
50686
30.0
39.7
1.61
1.52
1.71
1.18
1.09
1.27
Missing
246
0.2
28.5
0.98
0.51
1.86
0.71
0.40
1.25
Annual household income
< $20,000
15098
12.5
22.7
0.72
0.65
0.79
<0.0001
0.88
0.79
0.99
<0.0001
$20,000 to <$50,000
33607
25.6
29.0
1
1
$50,000 to <$75,000
18509
13.8
34.5
1.29
1.19
1.40
1.10
0.99
1.22
$75,000 or more
44506
36.7
35.9
1.37
1.29
1.46
1.21
1.10
1.32
Missing
14463
11.5
33.4
1.23
1.12
1.35
1.27
1.13
1.42
Have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime
Yes
64850
50.9
31.4
1
0.0430
1
<0.0001
No
60646
48.5
32.7
1.06
1.01
1.12
1.08
1.02
1.15
Missing
687
0.6
29.9
0.931
0.70
1.24
1.26
0.88
1.80
Body mass index category
Underweight
954
0.7
23.7
0.70
0.55
0.90
<0.0001
0.89
0.67
1.17
<0.0001
Normal weight
27283
21.0
30.6
1
1
Overweight
53374
42.4
33.1
1.12
1.05
1.20
1.14
1.05
1.24
Obese
42285
33.7
32.5
1.09
1.02
1.17
1.25
1.14
1.36
Missing
2287
2.2
19.8
0.56
0.47
0.68
0.77
0.59
1.01
Family history of prostate cancer
Yes
3869
2.7
74.0
6.39
5.46
7.48
<0.0001
3.37
2.67
4.24
<0.0001
No
122314
97.3
26.0
1
1
Current health insurance status
Yes
116996
90.0
34.2
3.89
3.34
4.54
<0.0001
1.74
1.47
2.05
<0.0001
No
8864
9.7
11.8
1.00
1
Missing
323
0.3
22.2
2.13
1.25
3.64
2.01
1.11
3.63
LCL: lower confidence level; UCL: upper confidence level. The results in this table apply to male respondents aged 40 years or older. Those who had a PSA test to monitor prostate cancer are not included. Four categories of BMI: underweight BMI <18.5, normal weight 18.5 ≤ BMI <25, overweight 25 ≤ BMI <30, and obese 30 ≤ BMI. Percentages and odds ratios (with corresponding confidence intervals) are weighted in order to get a representative sample of the US population. Confidence intervals that do not overlap 1 indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 level.
