Review Article

Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease in 2012: Relevant Clinical Aspects

Table 3

Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease (modified from [121, 122].

(1) Neuropsychiatric
 (a) Mood: anxiety, depression, panic attacks, apathy,
  moaning/screaming, and fatigue
  (b) Psychotic symptoms: visual hallucinations, delusions,
  paranoia, hypomania/mania, dopamine dysregulation
  syndrome, euphoria, and agitation
  (c) Cognitive dysfunction
(2) Autonomic
  (a) Thermoregulation: sweating, facial flushing, pallor,
  hyperthermia
  (b) Dysphagia, dribbling of saliva, dry mouth, belching,
  nausea, abdominal bloating discomfort, constipation, and
  anismus
  (c) Urinary frequency and urgency
  (d) Blood pressure changes, tachycardia
  (e) Dyspnea, cough, stridor
  (f) Peripheral oedema
  (g) Hunger
  (h) Pupillary dilatation
(3) Sensory
  (a) Pain
  (b) Internal tremor
  (c) Akathisia, restless legs syndrome
  (d) Sensory dyspnea
  (e) Numbness, dysesthesia