Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Table of Contents Alerts

To receive news and publication updates for Parkinson’s Disease, enter your email address in the box below.

Parkinson’s Disease
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 793076, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793076
Research Article

Neurocognitive Correlates of Apathy and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease

Yelena Bogdanova1,2,3,4 and Alice Cronin-Golomb1

1Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
2Psychology Research (151-A), VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA
3Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
4Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Received 31 July 2011; Accepted 25 October 2011

Academic Editor: Antonio Lucio Teixeira

Copyright © 2012 Yelena Bogdanova and Alice Cronin-Golomb. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. J. L. Cummings, “Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 873–880, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. S. Tekin and J. L. Cummings, “Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 647–654, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. R. Paul, T. P. Flanigan, K. Tashima et al., “Apathy correlates with cognitive function but not CD4 status in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 114–118, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. J. Jankovic, “Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 368–376, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. S. E. Starkstein and M. Merello, Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders in Parkinson's Diesease, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
  6. A. Kummer and A. L. Teixeira, “Neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease,” Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 930–939, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. M. M. Amick, H. E. Schendan, G. Ganis, and A. Cronin-Golomb, “Frontostriatal circuits are necessary for visuomotor transformation: mental rotation in Parkinson's disease,” Neuropsychologia, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 339–349, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. A. Cronin-Golomb, “Parkinson's disease as a disconnection syndrome,” Neuropsychology Review, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 191–208, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  9. S. Davidsdottir, R. Wagenaar, D. Young, and A. Cronin-Golomb, “Impact of optic flow perception and egocentric coordinates on veering in Parkinson's disease,” Brain, vol. 131, part 11, pp. 2882–2893, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  10. D. J. Zgaljardic, J. C. Borod, N. S. Foldi, and P. Mattis, “A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry,” Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 193–210, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  11. S. E. Starkstein, H. S. Mayberg, T. J. Preziosi, P. Andrezejewski, R. Leiguarda, and R. G. Robinson, “Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 134–139, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  12. V. Isella, P. Melzi, M. Grimaldi et al., “Clinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 366–371, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. G. C. Pluck and R. G. Brown, “Apathy in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 636–642, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. D. Aarsland, J. P. Larsen, N. G. Lim et al., “Range of neuropsychiatric disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 492–496, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  15. D. Aarsland, I. Litvan, and J. P. Larsen, “Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 42–49, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. M. L. Levy, J. L. Cummings, L. A. Fairbanks et al., “Apathy is not depression,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 314–319, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  17. L. Kirsch-Darrow, H. F. Fernandez, M. Marsiske, M. S. Okun, and D. Bowers, “Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. G. M. Pontone, J. R. Williams, K. E. Anderson et al., “Prevalence of anxiety disorders and anxiety subtypes in patients with Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1333–1338, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  19. I. H. Richard, R. B. Schiffer, and R. Kurlan, “Anxiety and Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 383–392, 1996. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  20. M. B. Stein, I. J. Heuser, J. L. Juncos, and T. W. Uhde, “Anxiety disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 217–220, 1990. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. R. Djaldetti, I. Ziv, and E. Melamed, “The mystery of motor asymmetry in Parkinson's disease,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 796–802, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  22. P. A. Kempster, W. R. G. Gibb, G. M. Stern, and A. J. Lees, “Asymmetry of substantia nigra neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease and its relevance to the mechanism of levodopa related motor fluctuations,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 72–76, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  23. L. X. Blonder, R. E. Gur, R. C. Gur, A. J. Saykin, and H. I. Hurtig, “Neuropsychological functioning in hemiparkinsonism,” Brain and Cognition, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 244–257, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  24. S. J. Huber and R. A. Bornstein, Neuropsychological Evaluation of Parkinson's Disease, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 1992.
  25. R. Levy and V. Czernecki, “Apathy and the basal ganglia,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 253, supplement 7, pp. VII/54–VII/61, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  26. J. M. Fuster, The Prefrontal Cortex, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 3rd edition, 1997.
  27. A. R. Luria, Visshie Korkovie Funkcii Cheloveka [Higher Cortical Functions in Man], Moscow University Press, Moscow, Russia, 1962.
  28. D. T. Stuss, B. Levine, M. P. Alexander et al., “Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes,” Neuropsychologia, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 388–402, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  29. D. Craufurd, J. C. Thompson, and J. S. Snowden, “Behavioral changes in Huntington disease,” Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 219–226, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  30. J. C. Thompson, J. S. Snowden, D. Craufurd, and D. Neary, “Behavior in Huntington's disease: dissociating cognition-based and mood-based changes,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  31. J. M. Hamilton, D. P. Salmon, J. Corey-Bloom et al., “Behavioural abnormalities contribute to functional decline in Huntington's disease,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 120–122, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  32. C. H. Hinkin, S. A. Castellon, J. H. Atkinson, and K. Goodkin, “Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV infection among older adults,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 54, no. 12, supplement 1, pp. S44–S52, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  33. S. A. Castellon, C. H. Hinkin, and H. F. Myers, “Neuropsychiatric disturbance is associated with executive dysfunction in HIV-1 infection,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 336–347, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  34. S. A. Castellon, C. H. Hinkin, S. Wood, and K. T. Yarema, “Apathy, depression, and cognitive performance in HIV-1 infection,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 320–329, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  35. J. G. Rabkin, S. J. Ferrando, W. van Gorp, R. Rieppi, M. McElhiney, and M. Sewell, “Relationships among apathy, depression, and cognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 451–457, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. R. H. Paul, A. M. Brickman, B. Navia et al., “Apathy is associated with volume of the nucleus accumbens in patients infected with HIV,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 167–171, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  37. Y. Bogdanova, M. Díaz-Santos, and A. Cronin-Golomb, “Neurocognitive correlates of alexithymia in asymptomatic individuals with HIV,” Neuropsychologia, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1295–1304, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  38. R. Levy and B. Dubois, “Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits,” Cerebral Cortex, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 916–928, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  39. A. F. G. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, L. Marsh et al., “Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 2004–2014, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  40. R. S. Marin, “Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 22–30, 1990. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  41. K. Dujardin, P. Sockeel, D. Devos et al., “Characteristics of apathy in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 778–784, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  42. M. A. Cole, S. A. Castellon, A. C. Perkins et al., “Relationship between psychiatric status and frontal-subcortical systems in HIV-infected individuals,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 549–554, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  43. T. W. McAllister, “Apathy,” Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 275–282, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  44. K. L. Lanctôt, S. Moosa, N. Herrmann et al., “A SPECT study of apathy in Alzheimer's disease,” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 65–72, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  45. H. Lavretsky, M. Ballmaier, D. Pham, A. Toga, and A. Kumar, “Neuroanatomical characteristics of geriatric apathy and depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 386–394, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  46. J. S. Reijnders, B. Scholtissen, W. E. Weber, P. Aalten, F. R. Verhey, and A. F. Leentjens, “Neuroanatomical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study using voxel-based morphometry,” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 2318–2325, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  47. A. F. G. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, L. Marsh et al., “Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 2015–2025, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  48. K. Walsh and G. Bennett, “Parkinson's disease and anxiety,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 77, no. 904, pp. 89–93, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  49. N. N. W. Dissanayaka, A. Sellbach, S. Matheson et al., “Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risk factors,” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 838–845, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  50. E. R. Siemers, A. Shekhar, K. Quaid, and H. Dickson, “Anxiety and motor performance in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 501–506, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  51. J. Marinus, M. Visser, P. Martínez-Martín, J. J. van Hilten, and A. M. Stiggelbout, “A short psychosocial questionnaire for patients with Parkinson's disease: the SCOPA-PS,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 61–67, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  52. K. K. Hanna and A. Cronin-Golomb, “Impact of anxiety on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinson’s Disease, vol. 2012, Article ID 640707, 8 pages, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  53. O. Kano, K. Ikeda, D. Cridebring, T. Takazawa, Y. Yoshii, and Y. Iwasaki, “Neurobiology of depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease,” Parkinson's Disease, vol. 2011, Article ID 143547, 5 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  54. R. Alpert and R. N. Haber, “Anxiety in academic achievement situations,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 207–215, 1960. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  55. B. D. Raffety, R. E. Smith, and J. T. Ptacek, “Facilitating and debilitating trait anxiety, situational anxiety, and coping with an anticipated stressor: a process analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 892–906, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  56. J. J. Vasterling, K. Brailey, J. I. Constans, and P. B. Sutker, “Attention and memory dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder,” Neuropsychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 125–133, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  57. K. Hanna, Anxiety, cognition and quality of life in Parkinson's disease, Doctoral Dissertations, Boston University, 2006.
  58. K. A. Ryder, S. T. Gontkovsky, K. L. McSwan, J. G. Scott, and R. L. Adams, “Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: association with anxiety but not depression,” Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 77–84, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  59. G. Gainotti, “Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion,” Cortex, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 41–55, 1972. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  60. D. Galin, “Implications for psychiatry of left and right cerebral specialization. A neurophysiological context for unconscious processes,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 572–583, 1974. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  61. M. D. Lezak, D. B. Howieson, and D. W. Loring, Neuropsychological Assessment, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
  62. S. L. Barker-Collo, “Depression and anxiety 3 months post stroke: prevalence and correlates,” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 519–531, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  63. D. M. Tucker, J. R. Antes, C. E. Stenslie, and T. M. Barnhardt, “Anxiety and lateral cerebral function,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 380–383, 1978. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  64. M. V. Spampinato, J. N. Wood, V. de Simone, and J. Grafman, “Neural correlates of anxiety in healthy volunteers: a voxel-based morphometry study,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 199–205, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  65. K. Blackmon, W. B. Barr, C. Carlson et al., “Structural evidence for involvement of a left amygdala-orbitofrontal network in subclinical anxiety,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 296–303, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  66. E. C. Lauterbach, “The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease,” Minerva Medica, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 155–173, 2005. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  67. A. McKinlay, R. C. Grace, J. C. Dalrymple-Alford, T. Anderson, J. Fink, and D. Roger, “A profile of neuropsychiatric problems and their relationship to quality of life for Parkinson's disease patients without dementia,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  68. M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, and P. R. McHugh, ““Mini mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician,” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 189–198, 1975. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  69. M. M. Hoehn and M. D. Yahr, “Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality,” Neurology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 427–442, 1967. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  70. A. J. Hughes, S. E. Daniel, L. Kilford, and A. J. Lees, “Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 181–184, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  71. M. D. Gjerstad, B. Boeve, T. Wentzel-Larsen, D. Aarsland, and J. P. Larsen, “Occurrence and clinical correlates of REM sleep behaviour disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease over time,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 387–391, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  72. R. S. Marin, R. C. Biedrzycki, and S. Firinciogullari, “Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale,” Psychiatry Research, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 143–162, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  73. A. M. Brickman, R. H. Paul, R. A. Cohen et al., “Category and letter verbal fluency across the adult lifespan: relationship to EEG theta power,” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 561–573, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  74. A. T. Beck and R. A. Steer, Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex, USA, 1993.
  75. D. Aarsland, K. Andersen, J. P. Larsen, A. Lolk, H. Nielsen, and P. Kragh-Sørensen, “Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study,” Neurology, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 730–736, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  76. A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, and G. K. Brown, Beck Depression Inventory-II, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex, USA, 1996.
  77. APA, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, USA, 1994.
  78. A. L. Benton and K. D. Hamsher, Multilingual Aphasia Examination, AJA Associates, Iowa City, Iowa, USA, 1989.
  79. D. Wechsler, The Wechsler Memory Scale-III Manual, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex, USA, 3rd edition, 1997.
  80. E. F. Kaplan, H. Goodglass, and S. Weintraub, The Boston Naming Test, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1983.
  81. D. C. Delis, J. H. Kramer, E. Kaplan, and B. A. Ober, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex, USA, 2000.
  82. J. C. Raven, Guide to Using the Coloured Progressive Matrices, H. K. Lewis, London, UK, 1965.
  83. S. G. Armitage, “An analysis of certain psychological tests used for the evaluation of brain injury,” Psychological Monographs, vol. 60, no. 1, 1946. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  84. M. M. Mesulam, “Attention, confusional state, and attention,” in Principles of Behavioral Neurology, M.-M. Mesulam, Ed., F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1985. View at Google Scholar
  85. P. A. Osterrieth, “Le test de copie d'une figure complexe,” Archives de Psychologie, vol. 30, pp. 206–356, 1944. View at Google Scholar