Upper Extremity Freezing and Dyscoordination in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects of Amplitude and Cadence Manipulations

Table 1

Final sample characteristics.

Characteristic	Healthy old; 𝑁=18	PD-FOG; 𝑁=16	PD + FOG; 𝑁=11
Sex (M/F)^*†	6/12	5/11	10/1
Age (yrs)^‡	68.4±7.5	67.6±9.5	70.8±6.9
Average baseline amplitude (cm)*	13.5±2.4	11.4±2.8	9.2±2.9
Average baseline cadence (taps per minute)	114.4±10.5	156.1±23.9	151.71±31.5
Hoehn and Yahr OFF^¥		2.2±0.44	2.2±0.26
MDS-UPDRS-3 OFF^∗§		26.1±9.4	44.8±11.8
FOG-Q score^*¥		2.8±1.8	11.3±2.2

∗All group(s) significantly different; P < 0.05.
†Chi-square analysis; ‡one-way ANOVA; ¥Mann-Whitney U Test; §Independent samples t-test.
Abbreviations:
M: male.
F: female.
Yrs: years.
MDS-UPDRS-3: Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Motor Subscale 3.
FOG-Q: Freezing of Gait Questionnaire.