Research Article

Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on Daily Routine Driving Practice in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

The table shows patient characteristics of all drivers and compares patient characteristics of active and inactive drivers at time of DBS surgery (within 3 months before and 12 months after surgery). Furthermore, a comparison of patients who did or did not restart driving is given. Data are shown as means with standard deviation [SD]. Significant different frequencies between active and inactive drivers are labeled with an asterix ().

Time of DBS surgery

Within 3 months
preoperatively
All (110)Active drivers () Inactive drivers () value

Age (years)11061.1 [9.1]61.2 [8.2]60.9 [10.3]0.89
Gender (male) (%)11068.280.350.0<0.001
H&Y stage (stage)1022.8 [0.8]2.7 [0.8]3.0 [0.7]0.06
Disease duration (years)11011.9 [5.6]11.5 [5.4]12.7 [5.9]0.29
MMSE (total points)10928.5 [1.5]28.5 [1.6] ()28.5 [1.3]0.83
MMSE category (%)109
 Normal (>26) 9688.186.290.90.45
 Borderline (24–26)1311.913.89.1
UPDRS III in “ON” (score) 7718.4 [7.3]18.0 [6.7]19.0 [8.1]0.58
UPDRS III in “OFF” (score)7537.7 [11.7]35.2 [10.3] 41.7 [12.8]0.02
Improvement in levodopa-test (%)7551.8 [17.7]49.8 [18.0]54.7 [17.0]0.23

Within 12 months
postoperatively
All (110)Active drivers ()Inactive drivers () value

Age (years)11061.1 [9.1]60.5 [8.7]62.3 [9.6]0.31
Gender (male) (%)11067.977.951.20.004
H&Y stage (stage)1022.8 [0.8]2.6 [0.7] 3.1 [0.8]0.003
MMSE (total points)10828.5 [1.5]28.6 [1.5] ()28.3 [1.5] ()0.37
MMSE category (%)108
 Normal (>26) 9588.091.082.90.22
 Borderline (24–26)1312.09.017.1
Disease duration (years)11011.9 [5.6]11.5 [5.8]12.8 [5.3]0.25
UPDRS III in “ON” (score) 7718.4 [7.3]17.8 [6.8]19.2 [8.0]0.41
UPDRS III in “OFF” (score)7537.7 [11.7]34.7 [10.1] 42.1 [12.7] 0.006
Improvement in levodopa-test (%)7551.8 [17.7]49.4 [19.1]55.1 [15.4]0.18

Patients restart driving
after DBS surgery
All (110)Yes []No [] value

Age (years)11061.1 [9.1]56.6 [10.7]61.5 [8.8]0.11
Gender (male) (%)11068.270.068.00.90
H&Y stage (stage)1022.8 [0.8]2.7 [0.5]2.8 [0.8]0.57
MMSE (total points)10928.5 [1.5] 28.9 [1.1] ()28.4 [1.5] ()0.36
MMSE category (%)109
 Normal (>26) 9688.1100.086.90.10
 Borderline (24–26)1311.90.013.1
Disease duration (years)11011.9 [5.6]12.8 [8.0]11.9 [5.4]0.60
UPDRS III in “ON” (score) 7718.4 [7.3]18.3 [7.7]18.4 [7.3]0.98
UPDRS III in “OFF” (score)7537.7 [11.7]40.7 [9.7]37.6 [11.9]0.54
Improvement in levodopa-test (%)7551.8 [17.7]52.5 [20.3]51.7 [17.6]0.91