Insula Volume and Salience Network Are Associated with Memory Decline in Parkinson Disease: Complementary Analyses of Voxel-Based Morphometry versus Volume of Interest

Table 2

Location, AAL coordinates, and statistical significance of the regions showing the associations of cognitive performance and gray matter atrophy.

Associations of cognitive scores and gray matter atrophy	Region	BA	Coordinates (mm)				value	value
			MMSE	Left superior temporal gyrus					−49.37	18.58	−20.45	<0.001		24.47
Left middle temporal gyrus	Left BA 21	−65.38		−14.74	−9.35	<0.001		24.15
Left superior temporal gyrus	Left BA 42	−65.35		−24.27	9.39	<0.001		23.82
Right inferior temporal gyrus		55.56		−60.45	−23.87	<0.001		19.10
Right middle temporal gyrus		67.59		−28.61	−17.99	<0.001		17.44
CASI	Left superior temporal gyrus	Left BA 38	−43.38	21.68	−24.37	<0.001	5.11
	Left middle temporal gyrus		−7.40	−27.59	−14.71	<0.001	4.76
	Left superior temporal gyrus	Left BA 42	−65.35	−24.32	11.39	<0.001	4.53
	Right superior temporal gyrus	Right BA 22	67.63	−23.15	1.17	<0.001	4.01
	Right middle temporal gyrus		68.60	−28.67	−15.99	<0.001	3.66
PDD-short screen	Left middle temporal gyrus	Left BA 39	−54.37	−61.49	16.32	0.001	3.62
	Right superior temporal gyrus		66.64	−24.20	3.15	0.001	3.80
	Right insula		45.66	−10.33	8.58	0.001	3.77
Composite free-recall verbal memory	Right middle temporal gyrus	Right BA 21	67.60	−33.72	−14.13	0.001	6.32
	Right superior temporal gyrus		66.64	−25.26	5.12	0.001	5.32
	Right insula gyrus	Right BA 13	42.67	0.67	8.8	0.001	4.95
	Left temporal pole	Left BA 38	−39.38	22.76	−27.35	0.001	5.74
	Left superior temporal gyrus		−62.34	−15.30	10.64	0.001	5.62
	Left middle temporal gyrus	Left BA 19	−52.38	−63.38	12.26	0.001	5.12
	Left middle temporal gyrus		−52.36	−59.57	19.37	0.001	3.96
	Left insula gyrus	Left BA 13	−43.31	3.31	−2.04	0.00	5.88
Delayed free-recall verbal memory	Right insula	Right BA 13	44.60	−9.60	3.13	0.001	3.94
	Left insula	Left BA 13	−48.48	−12.39	9.6	0.001	3.77
	Right insula	Right BA 13	40.66	−13.38	10.50	0.001	3.62
	Right insula		93.73	−12.34	−67.97	0.001
	Right insula	Right BA 12	48.48	−12.34	8.3	0.001	4.46
	Left inferior frontal gyrus		−34.38	11.51	−18.67	0.001	4.08
	Right supramarginal gyrus		60.67	−28.70	21.04	0.001	4.27
	Left middle temporal gyrus		−65.38	−37.04	1.03	0.001	4.46
	Left superior temporal gyrus		−61.34	−34.63	22.09	0.001	4.17
	Right middle temporal gyrus		46.63	−68.68	19.94	0.001	4.15
	Left rolandic opercular gyrus		−50.34	−6.23	7.87	0.001	4.03

BA: Brodmann area; CASI: cognitive abilities screening instrument; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; PDD: Parkinson disease dementia.