Nonmotor Features in Parkinson’s Disease: What Are the Most Important Associated Factors?
Table 2
(a) Frequency of each nonmotor symptom among patients’ subgroups. (b) Frequency of each nonmotor symptom among patients with and without motor complications.
(a)
Gender
Age
Disease onset age
Disease duration
HY
Clinical subtype
Male ()
Female ()
≤64 ()
≥65 ()
≤50 ()
≥65 ()
≤5 ()
6–10 ()
>10 ()
≤2.5 ()
≥3 ()
Tremor ()
Hypokinesia ()
PIGD ()
(1.1) Cognitive impairment
75.2%
73.6%
51.4%
77.7%
60.0%
78.7%
70.8%
72.1%
81.3%
62.4%
81.1%
69.1%
74.0%
82.2%
(1.2) Hallucinations and psychosis
14.3%
13.5%
11.4%
77.7%
20.0%
10.9%
7.5%
16.2%
21.3%
8.2%
17.1%
10.0%
13.0%
20.5%
(1.3) Depressed mood
49.5%
68.1%
62.9%
60.5%
75.0%
60.6%
60.0%
48.5%
72.5%
50.0%
66.9%
57.3%
59.7%
68.5%
(1.4) Anxious mood
45.7%
63.2%
69.7%
55.2%
55.0%
52.7%
52.9%
55.9%
62.5%
58.2%
55.8%
53.6%
54.5%
65.8%
(1.5) Apathy
38.1%
50.3%
48.6%
45.3%
45.0%
43.9%
39.5%
44.1%
56.3%
40.8%
48.5%
43.1%
41.6%
56.2%
(1.6) ICDs
9.5%
6.7%
14.3%
6.9%
20%
4.9%
4.2%
10.3%
11.3%
6.1%
9.1%
6.4%
10.4%
8.2%
(1.7) Nighttime sleep problems
69.5%
73.0%
74.3%
71.2%
85%
67.3%
63.3%
73.5%
82.5%
70.4%
73.8%
69.1%
74.0%
78.1%
(1.8) Daytime sleepiness
70.5%
56.4%
45.7%
63.4%
50%
61.8%
52.5%
66.2%
72.5%
48.9%
70.1%
55.5%
62.3%
74.0%
(1.9) Pain
51.4%
72.4%
54.3%
65.7%
65.0%
64.6%
61.3%
61.8%
72.2%
56.7%
70.7%
63.3%
67.1%
69.9%
(1.10) Urinary problems
77.1%
68.1%
60.0%
74.0%
65.0%
70.3%
66.7%
70.6%
80.0%
56.1%
80.5%
64.5%
74.0%
79.5%
(1.11) Constipation problems
60.0%
57.1%
37.1%
61.4%
30.0%
61.6%
55.0%
55.9%
65.0%
53.1%
62.2%
53.6%
58.4%
67.1%
(1.12) Lightheadedness on standing
42.9%
58.3%
48.6%
52.8%
40.0%
55.2%
50.8%
51.5%
55.0%
46.9%
55.5%
50.9%
48.1%
61.6%
(1.13) Fatigue
67.7%
46.0%
70.6%
68.7%
89.5%
63.6%
59.2%
71.6%
81.3%
56.7%
75.6%
59.6%
70.1%
80.8%
; ; . Chi-squared test for all the differences in the frequency of individual nonmotor symptoms, except Fischer exact test in the frequency of (1): (1.2), (1.3), (1.5), (1.7), (1.13) among age onset groups; (2): (1.2) among age and HY groups; and (3): 1.6 among age, disease onset age, disease duration and HY groups. HY Hoehn and Yahr stage; ICDs impulse control disorders; PIGD postural instability and gait disorder.
(b)
Dyskinesias
Motor fluctuations
Off-state dystonias
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
(1.1) Cognitive impairment
73.4%
80.6%
73.8%
80.0%
74.1%
81.2%
(1.2) Hallucinations and psychoses
12.2%
25.8%
12.2%
26.7%
13.1%
25.0%
(1.3) Depressed mood
57.4%
87.1%
57.4%
90.0%
58.6%
100.0%
(1.4) Anxious mood
55.3%
64.5%
55.3%
63.3%
55.8%
62.5%
(1.5) Apathy
46.6%
38.7%
45.8%
43.3%
45.2%
50.0%
(1.6) ICDs
6.8%
16.1%
6.3%
16.7%
6.8%
18.8%
(1.7) Nighttime sleep problems
70.0%
83.9%
68.8%
93.3%
70.1%
93.8%
(1.8) Daytime sleepiness
59.5%
80.6%
58.6%
86.7%
60.6%
81.2%
(1.9) Pain
64.4%
66.7%
65.7%
58.6%
64.7%
68.8%
(1.10) Urinary problems
70.9%
77.4%
70.9%
76.7%
72.1%
62.5%
(1.11) Constipation problems
58.2%
58.1%
57.4%
63.3%
58.2%
56.2%
(1.12) Lightheadedness on standing
52.7%
48.4%
52.7%
50.0%
53.8%
31.2%
(1.13) Fatigue
66.9%
83.9%
66.9%
83.3%
67.2%
93.8%
; ; . Chi-squared test for all the differences in the frequency of individual nonmotor symptoms. ICDs: impulse control disorders.
