Pathophysiology of Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease as the Rationale for Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation

Figure 2

The parallel motor, oculomotor, associative, and limbic circuits of the basal ganglia. ACA: anterior cingulate area; CMA: cingulate motor area; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEF: frontal eye fields; GPi: internal segment of the globus pallidus; LOFC: lateral orbitofrontal cortex; MC: primary motor cortex; MD: mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus; MDpl: mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, pars lateralis; MOFC: medial orbitofrontal cortex; PMC: premotor cortex; SEF: supplementary eye field; SMA: supplementary motor area; SNr: substantia nigra pars reticulata; VAmc: ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus, pars magnocellularis; VApc: ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus, pars parvocellularis; VLa: anterior ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus; VLcr: ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, pars caudalis, rostral division; VLm: ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, pars medialis; VS: ventral striatum [12, 13].