Review Article

Cognitive Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on Parkinson’s Disease Patients

Table 1

Studies assessing cognitive change in PD patients after STN DBS.

Author, yearNF/u (mo)ControlledStatus of stimulation/medication at cognitive assessmentImproved cognitive measure(s)Worsened cognitive measure(s)Unchanged cognitive measure(s)

Alberts et al., 2008 [18]8N/ANoUL, BL, ON, OFF/ONNoneENone

Alegret et al., 2001 [75]153NoON/OFFNoneNoneE, PS, L, M, V

Ardouin et al., 1999 [25]493–6NoON/inconstantELGC, E, PS

Asahi et al., 2014 [27]1112NoUnspecifiedNoneNoneGC, A/C, M, L, V

Castelli et al., 2006 [56]7215NoON/-ELE, L, M

Castelli et al., 2007 [90]1917NoON/ONNoneLE, V, M, L,

Castelli et al., 2010 [39]2712YesON/ONNoneLE, A/C, M, L

Castner et al., 2007 [30]18At least 4NoON and OFF/ONA/CNoneA/C

Castner et al., 2008 [31]8At least 4NoON and OFF/ONNoneLL

Cilia et al., 2007 [16]2012YesON/ONNoneLGC, L, E, A/C

Contarino et al., 2007 [91]1160NoON/ONNoneNoneL, V, M, E

Daniele et al., 2003 [58]2012NoON or OFF/ONNoneLGC, L, E, A/C, M

De Gaspari et al., 2006 [21]1212YesON/ONNoneLL, GC, E

Dujardin et al., 2001 [92]93NoON/ONNoneNoneGC, E, M, PS, L

Erola et al., 2006 [93]1912NoON/ONNoneLGC, E, PS

Fasano et al., 2010 [57]1696NoON/ONNoneE, L, MGC, M, E, L

Fraraccio et al., 2008 [62]1516NoON and OFF/ONNoneA/CE, A/C, M, L, V, CG

Funkiewiez et al., 2003 [94]50NoON/OFFNoneNoneGC, E

Funkiewiez et al., 2004 [22]7036NoON/69% OFFNoneLGC, E, M, PS

Gironell et al., 2003 [36]86YesON/ONNoneNoneL, E, A/C, M, V, PS

Hälbig et al., 2004 [59]1216NoON and OFF/ONNoneNonePS, M, GC, E, L

Heo et al., 2008 [95]4612NoON/ONNoneNoneGC, A/C, M, L, E

Hershey et al., 2004 [67]24NoON and OFF/OFFNoneENone

Hilker et al., 2004 [37]84YesON/-MNoneGC, E, L, A/C, M, V

Jahanshahi et al., 2000 [63]712NoON and OFF/OFFE, A/C, PSMNone

Kim et al., 2014 [78]103NoON/ONNoneGC, but similar incidence to incidence of PDDNone

Krack et al., 2003 [20]4260NoON/ONNoneNoneGC, E

Krugel et al., 2014 [96]14N/ANoON/ONNoneNoneL

Lhommée et al., 2012 [97]633NoON/ONNoneLGC, E

Limousin et al., 1998 [70]2412NoON/OFFNoneNoneE, L, V, PS

Moretti et al., 2003 [46]912YesON/ONLL, EE, L, A/C, M, V

Moro et al., 1999 [98]79NoON/ONNoneNoneGC, E, L, M

Morrison et al., 2004 [38]173YesON and OFF/OFFNoneNoneL, A/C, M, E, V

Rukmini Mridula et al., 2015 [48]50YesON/ONNoneNoneGC, A/C

Page and Jahanshahi, 2007 [68]12N/ANoON and OFF/ONPS, A/CNonePS, A/C, E

Perozzo et al., 2001 [69]206NoON/ON and OFFNoneNoneE, A/C, M, PS

Phillips et al., 2012 [49]11YesON and OFF/ON and OFFNoneNoneL

Pillon et al., 2000 [60]6312NoON and OFF/75% OFFNoneLE, PS, L, M

Rothlind et al., 2007 [50]1521NoON/ONNoneLA/C, E, L, V, M

Rothlind et al., 2015 [47]846YesON/ONNoneE, A/C, PS (see text)E, M, A/C, L, PS

Sáez-Zea et al., 2012 [44]96YesON/ONNoneL, A/CA, M, V, E, L

Saint-Cyr et al., 2000 [99]1112NoON/ONNoneLE, L, M, A/C, V

Saint-Cyr and Albanese, 2006 [82]996NoON/ONNoneL, EE, L, A/C, M, PS

Schüpbach et al., 2005 [23]3760NoON/ONNoneCG, ENone

Silveri et al., 2012 [29]1296NoON and OFF/ONLNoneNone

Smeding et al., 2011 [33]10512YesON/ONGC, E, L, V, M, A/CL, A/C

Smeding et al., 2006 [43]996YesON/ONNoneL, A/CL, M, V, A/C

Tang et al., 2015 [73]2712NoON/ONMLGC, M, V, A/C, E, L

Tremblay et al., 2015 [28]8At least 7 wksNoOFF DBS and then ON DBS/unspecified med statusNoneLL

Trepanier et al., 2000 [87]96NoON/ONNoneNoneA/C, M, V, L, E

Whelan et al., 2003 [24]53NoON/ONLLNone

Williams et al., 2011 [40]1924YesON/ONNoneNoneGC, M, E, A/C, L, V, PS

Witt et al., 2004 [61]2312NoON and OFF/ONNoneNoneL, E, GC

Witt et al., 2008 [42]606YesON/ONNoneA/CGC, E, L, A/C

Witt et al., 2013 [41]316YesON/ONNoneNoneGC, A/C, L

Yágüez et al., 2014 [100]309NoON/ONNoneL, MGC, M, L, V, E

York et al., 2008 [17]236YesON/ONNoneMGC, E, A/C, M, L, V, PS

Zangaglia et al., 2009 [45]3236YesON/ONNoneLGC, M, E, A/C

Zangaglia et al., 2012 [32]3096YesON/ONNoneLGC, M, E, A/C

PD: Parkinson’s disease; STN: subthalamic nucleus; N: number of patients; mo: months; A/C: attention/concentration; E: executive; GC: global cognition; L: language; M: memory; PS: psychomotor/processing speed; V: visual. Median; mean. Note. Multiple tests were performed for each domain in each study, and often a few of these showed a difference while other tests assessing the same domain did not. This explains why the same domain might appear more than once and under different results for the same study. Adapted from Mehanna [101] with permission from the author.