Parkinson’s Disease / 2017 / Article / Tab 3 / Review Article
Genetic Variants in SNCA and the Risk of Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Review Table 3 Association of environmental factors of PD with SNPs in SNCA.
Environmental factors Studies Results Smoking [34 , 38 , 47 , 50 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 68 , 70 ] Individuals with GG-rs356219 and TT-rs356220 genotypes [52 ] and carriers of allele REP1-263 bp [47 ] who never had smoked had a significantly increased risk of PD. Coffee intake [38 , 47 , 55 , 56 ] No SNPs were significantly associated with this factor. Pesticide exposure [47 , 68 , 70 , 71 ] Chung et al. [47 ] found a suggestive association between C-rs3775423 and pesticide exposure. Alcohol drinking [47 , 75 ] Brighina et al. [75 ] found independent effects to alcohol consumption and REP1-SNCA. Alcohol use was associated with a decreased PD risk. Head injury [38 ] Head injury increases PD risk, especially when it happens before the age of 30; no significant association with SNCA SNPs.
See Table 1 .