Review Article

Genetic Variants in SNCA and the Risk of Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Review

Table 3

Association of environmental factors of PD with SNPs in SNCA.

Environmental factorsStudiesResults

Smoking[34, 38, 47, 50, 52, 55, 56, 68, 70]Individuals with GG-rs356219 and TT-rs356220 genotypes [52] and carriers of allele REP1-263 bp [47] who never had smoked had a significantly increased risk of PD.

Coffee intake[38, 47, 55, 56]No SNPs were significantly associated with this factor.

Pesticide exposure[47, 68, 70, 71]Chung et al. [47] found a suggestive association between C-rs3775423 and pesticide exposure.

Alcohol drinking[47, 75]Brighina et al. [75] found independent effects to alcohol consumption and REP1-SNCA. Alcohol use was associated with a decreased PD risk.

Head injury[38]Head injury increases PD risk, especially when it happens before the age of 30; no significant association with SNCA SNPs.

See Table 1.