Review Article

Stigma Experienced by Parkinson’s Disease Patients: A Descriptive Review of Qualitative Studies

Table 1

Study characteristics of the 14 articles included in the qualitative review.

StudyLocation of patients’ recruitmentNumber of participantsQualitative methodsStudy aim

Nijhof, 1995Amsterdam, The Netherlands23 PD pts
(10 F; 13 M)
In-depth interviews with qualitative analysis of contentTo explore PD subjective interpretations
Posen et al., 2000Tel Aviv, Israel15 PD pts (F)Sessions of psychoeducational work-group (MacKenzie and Livesley, 1983)To describe the PD experience in a female work-group
Sunvisson and Ekman, 2001Sweden11 PD pts
(no gender details)
Interviews during a period of 2 years and phenomenological data analysisTo elucidate environmental influences on lived PD experiences
Van Der Bruggen and Widdershoven, 2004/4 novelsExistential-phenomenological analysis of narrative materials of PD patientsTo catch the meaning of being a PD patient
Bramley and Eatough, 2005Nottingham, UK1 PD pts (F)
(single case study)
Semi-structured interviews
analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
To catch the subjective PD daily experience
Miller et al., 2006 (a)Sunderland, UK37 PD pts
(14 F; 23 M)
In-depth interviews with qualitative analysis of contentTo study changes in communication impact on daily PD patients’ lives
Miller et al., 2006 (b)Sunderland, UK37 PD pts
(14 F; 23 M)
In-depth interviews with qualitative analysis of contentTo establish if and how changes in swallowing impact on daily PD patients’ lives
Mshana et al., 2011Mwanza, Tanzania28 PD pts, 28 caregivers, 4 health workers, 2 traditional healers
(no gender details)
In-depth interviews and focus groupsTo detect how PD is perceived and treated in a rural African population
Chiong-Rivero et al., 2011USA48 PD pts
(26 F; 22 M)
15 caregivers
(13 F; 2 M)
Focus groups and one-on-one interviews
To collect Health-Related Quality of Life consequences of Parkinson’s disease from the patient’s and caregivers’ perspective
Hermanns, 2013Texas, USA14 PD pts
(7 F; 7 M)
Ethnographic approach using interview data, participant observations, and fieldwork (2-year exposure)To discuss the visible and invisible stigma
Soleimani et al., 2014Iran10 PD pts
(3 F; 7 M)
Semistructured, face-to-face interviews and content analysis approachTo explore the effects of PD on people’s social interactions
Soundy et al., 2014 /37 qualitative articles (review)MetaethnographyTo summarize and to synthesize qualitative studies concerning the PD experience and perception
Giardini et al., 2016Montescano (PV), Italy27 PD pts
(14 F; 13 M)
Semi-structured interviews with PD patients analyzed using the Grounded Theory methodologyTo qualitatively describe the rehabilitation experience of PD inpatients
Soleimani et al., 2016Iran17 PD pts
(7 F; 10 M)
Semistructured, face-to-face interviews and content analysis approachTo explore the primary concerns and perceptions of daily PD patients’ lives

Legend: PD = Parkinson’s disease; Pts = patients; F = female; M = male.