Stress Management Training (SMT) Improves Coping of Tremor-Boosting Psychosocial Stressors and Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Prospective Study

Table 3

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

PD patients (n = 82)																				Controls (n = 30)
Scale with subitems	Baseline			Short term (8 weeks)			Long term (3–6 months)			Short-term mean (8 weeks) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)					Long-term mean (3–6 months) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)					Baseline			Short term (8 weeks)			Short-term mean (8 weeks) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)
	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.
Sadness/unhappiness	82	14.63	25.17	81	8.23	17.90	48	12.50	23.44	−6.58	−2.49	80	0.015		−1.39	−0.35	47	0.728		30	14.44	18.94	27	12.35	22.92	−2.47	−0.63	26	0.537
Pessimism/hopelessness	82	16.67	31.54	81	14.40	31.15	48	16.67	33.69	−2.47	−0.70	80	0.489		−4.17	−0.68	47	0.503		30	7.78	18.94	27	7.41	21.35	−1.23	−0.24	26	0.802
Feeling inadequate/inferior	82	10.57	20.87	80	5.42	15.41	48	4.86	15.36	−5.42	−2.40	79	0.019		−6.94	−2.02	47	0.049		30	8.89	17.36	27	8.64	19.81	0.00
Inability to enjoy	82	27.24	19.69	81	17.28	17.57	49	19.73	17.90	−9.88	−4.29	80	0.000		−5.44	−2.22	48	0.031		30	27.78	19.74	27	18.52	23.27	−11.11	−2.21	26	0.036
Conscious guilt	82	14.23	22.24	81	7.41	14.91	48	8.33	16.13	−7.00	−3.01	80	0.003		−2.08	−0.68	47	0.497		30	18.89	22.63	27	13.58	16.69	−6.17	−1.55	26	0.134
Self-punishment	82	8.54	18.00	81	7.00	13.66	48	3.47	10.29	−1.65	−0.78	80	0.436		−2.08	−1.00	47	0.322		30	5.56	15.37	26	1.28	6.54	−5.13	−1.69	25	0.103
Self-denial/dislike	82	11.79	19.86	81	7.41	17.48	48	5.56	14.31	−4.53	−2.36	80	0.021		−4.17	−1.63	47	0.110		30	7.78	14.34	26	8.97	17.78	1.28	0.33	25	0.746
Self-accusation	82	18.70	30.13	81	16.05	27.44	48	7.64	14.16	−2.88	−0.84	80	0.403		−6.25	−1.77	47	0.083		30	13.33	24.13	26	11.54	18.72	2.56	0.70	25	0.490
Suicidal contents	82	8.94	15.76	81	5.76	12.68	48	2.78	9.31	−3.29	−2.37	80	0.020		−5.56	−2.69	47	0.010		30	5.56	15.37	26	3.85	10.86	−2.56	−0.81	25	0.425
Frequency of crying	82	19.51	28.18	81	14.40	24.69	48	11.11	23.15	−5.35	−1.53	80	0.129		−7.64	−1.56	47	0.125		30	14.44	27.24	26	8.97	22.23	−7.69	−1.66	25	0.110
Irritability	82	26.02	27.23	80	26.67	32.87	48	15.97	26.62	.42	0.10	79	0.917		−7.64	−1.38	47	0.175		30	27.78	31.66	27	18.52	23.27	−9.88	−1.69	26	0.103
Indifference to other people	82	11.79	20.54	81	9.05	18.27	49	10.88	17.20	−2.88	−1.09	80	0.277		−0.68	−0.22	48	0.830		30	12.22	20.50	27	11.11	20.67	−2.47	−0.53	26	0.602
Indecisiveness	82	25.20	23.75	82	17.89	19.73	49	21.09	21.18	−7.32	−2.64	81	0.010		−2.72	−0.94	48	0.351		30	21.11	20.50	26	17.95	19.39	−6.41	−1.55	25	0.134
Reduced physical appearance	82	29.27	31.60	81	25.93	30.28	48	20.83	30.46	−3.70	−1.05	80	0.295		−3.47	−0.71	47	0.481		30	15.56	27.31	27	13.58	24.91	−1.23	−0.23	26	0.823
Loss of drive/workableness	82	32.11	26.94	81	24.69	23.44	49	27.21	24.22	−7.82	−2.56	80	0.012		−0.68	−0.18	48	0.855		30	22.22	18.22	27	27.16	22.72	4.94	1.16	26	0.256
Sleep disturbances	82	41.46	32.53	81	36.21	29.91	49	36.05	29.53	−5.76	−1.67	80	0.099		−5.44	−1.43	48	0.159		30	47.78	33.54	27	33.33	30.66	−17.28	−3.02	26	0.006
Fatigability/tiredness	82	31.71	20.89	82	29.27	13.24	49	28.57	15.21	−2.44	−0.97	81	0.333		−2.72	−0.81	48	0.420		30	28.89	25.87	26	21.79	18.72	−7.69	−1.24	25	0.228
Loss of appetite	82	8.13	15.33	80	8.75	18.18	48	6.94	15.31	.42	0.23	79	0.820		−1.39	−0.47	47	0.642		30	8.89	19.44	26	7.69	17.15	−2.56	−1.00	25	0.327
Loss of weight	82	1.63	11.60	81	0.82	7.41	48	0.69	4.81	−.82	−0.53	80	0.596		−2.08	−0.90	47	0.371		30	0.00	0.00	26	0.00	0.00	0.00
Somatic preoccupation	82	22.76	22.15	81	27.57	24.03	48	27.08	23.48	4.53	1.44	80	0.153		7.64	1.91	47	0.062		30	21.11	22.29	27	17.28	25.10	−2.47	−0.46	26	0.646
Loss of libido	82	29.67	37.04	82	27.64	35.06	49	29.93	36.80	−2.03	−0.62	81	0.545		−2.72	−0.66	48	0.511		30	28.89	33.60	27	37.04	37.36	4.94	0.60	27	0.566
Ø Beck Depression Score	82	19.55	11.72	82	15.91	10.81	49	15.00	10.32	−3.64	−3.99	81	0.000		−3.21	−2.52	48	0.014		30	17.09	10.99	27	14.17	10.08	−3.47	−1.61	27	0.119

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