Cognitive Stimulation for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Living in Long-Term Care: Preliminary Data from a Randomized Crossover Pilot Study

Table 2

Medians and ranges of all main outcomes for all time points of measurement differentiated for intervention and control group and related within- and between-comparisons.

	Cognitive stimulation ()							Usual care ()				Cognitive stimulation vs. usual care
	Preintervention	Postintervention	Within-comparisons		Follow-up	Within-comparisons		Pre-usual care	Post-usual care	Within-comparisons		Between-comparisons
	Median (range)	Median (range)		r	Median (range)		r	Median (range)	Median (range)		r		r
Cognition
CERAD total score^a	35.50 (20–61)	43.50 (23–73)	0.060	0.70	49.50 (15.00–69.00)^2	0.161	0.40	40.50 (19–58)	28.50 (20–57)	0.345	0.27	0.067	0.43
Depression
GDS^b	8.50 (3–14)	6.00 (3–12)^5	0.950	0.21	3.00 (1–11)^3	0.072	0.61	8.50 (4–14)	10.50 (3–14)	0.832	0.33	0.808	0.22
CSDD^b	3.00 (0–18)	2.00 (0–15)	1.000	0.04	1.00 (0–14)^4	0.320	0.41	5.00 (4–8)	4.00 (2–13)	1.000	0.04	0.500	0.28
Neuropsychiatric symptoms
NPI total score (items A–L)^b	10.00 (1–35)^5	8.00 (0–51)^5	0.439	0.22	7.50 (0–41)^4	0.575	0.16	10.00 (1–21)^1	13.00 (5–35)	0.414	0.33	0.075	0.42
Activities of daily living (ADL)
Barthel Index^a	14.50 (2–20)	15.00 (4–20)^5	0.572	0.16	13.50 (0–18)^4	0.014	0.71	15.50 (9–20)	15.50 (9–20)	0.414	0.33	0.961	0.02
Quality of Life
EQ-5D-5L index value^a	0.68 (0.09–1.00)	0.71 (0.09–1.00)^5	1.000	0.06	0.74 (0.05–0.83)^4	1.000	0.34	0.71 (0.11–0.99)	0.71 (0.16–1.00)	0.545	0.65	1.000	0.08
EQ-5D-5L-VAS^a	55.00 (5–85)	65.00 (45–80)^5	0.700	0.43	55.00 (35–90)^3	1.000	0.28	50.00 (40–80)	55.00 (5–75)	1.000	0.04	1.000	0.24
EQ-5D-5L index value (proxy)^a	0.73 (0.02–1.00)	0.73 (0.14–0.93)	1.000	0.15	0.76 (0.09–1.00)^3	1.000	0.20	0.72 (0.51–0.91)	0.73 (0.54–1.00)	1.000	0.17	1.000	0.12
EQ-5D-5L-VAS (proxy)^a	57.50 (10–90)	50.00 (25–80)	1.000	0.19	60.00 (40–80)^3	1.000	0.27	50.00 (35–60)	52.50 (10–70)	1.000	0.17	1.000	0.06
QUALIDEM total score^a	16.77 (8.53–22.25)^4	17.24 (13.36–24.83)^5	0.430	0.50	17.43 (7.70–23.50)^3	0.455	0.49	17.96 (13.79–22.52)^1	16.32 (13.45–17.78)^1	1.000	0.30	0.995	0.33

Statistical trends are in italics. Abbreviations: CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; VAS, visual analog scale. ^aHigher scores indicate a better performance. ^bLower scores indicate a better performance. ¹; ²; ³; ⁴; ⁵.