Emotional Processing Impairments in Apathetic Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: An ERP Study in Early Time Windows

Table 1

Demographic and neuropsychological data of PD patients and HCs.

	Apathetic group	Nonapathetic group	HC
Age	64.93 ± 6.47	63.48 ± 6.40	63.76 ± 6.42	0.778
Sex (male), n (%)	10 (66.7)	18 (72)	14 (61.9)	0.907
Education (yr)	8.67 ± 3.56	7.80 ± 3.37	8.76 ± 2.98	0.753
Hoehn–Yahr stage	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	—	—
UPDRS	18.99 ± 4.22	17.31 ± 5.17	—	—
BDI-II	5.47 ± 2.13	5.44 ± 2.22	4.33 ± 1.68	0.133
SAS	20.33 ± 4.34	7.92 ± 2.31	4.71 ± 1.95	<0.001
Disease duration	6.47 ± 2.26	6.36 ± 1.35	—	—
L-DOPA daily dose (mg)	476.47 ± 78.98	454.80 ± 89.61	—	—
Test scores
MoCA	28.00 ± 1.31	27.56 ± 1.36	28.33 ± 1.71	0.215
Digit span forward	7.33 ± 1.05	7.36 ± 1.78	8.48 ± 2.11	0.068
Digit spEan backward	3.60 ± 1.18	3.68 ± 1.07	4.33 ± 0.91	0.060
TMT (seconds)
Part A	76.40 ± 15.71	63.40 ± 12.81	51.71 ± 10.04	<0.001
Part B	188.47 ± 28.05	163.28 ± 33.32	142.00 ± 23.04	<0.001
Word Fluency	15.06 ± 3.56	14.44 ± 3.40	16.38 ± 2.67	0.129

Comparison of demographic data, clinical variables, and neuropsychological tests among the three groups. UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; SAS, Starkstein Apathy Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT, Trail-Making Test.