Five-Year Clinical Outcomes of Local versus General Anesthesia Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1

Demographics and preoperative disease severity in the general anesthesia (GA) and local anesthesia (LA) groups.

	GA			LA			P value
	Mean ± SD			Mean ± SD
Sex	F = 7/M = 15			F = 2/M = 12			0.24
Age at onset	47.5 ± 9			39.6 ± 12.9			0.06
Disease duration (years)	10.2 ± 4.3			9.9 ± 6.9			0.34
Age at surgery	57.7 ± 7.4			49.4 ± 12.2			0.04
Follow-up (months)	60.9 ± 7.9			65.4 ± 9			0.14
UPDRS	Levodopa off	Levodopa on	Improvement (%)	Levodopa off	Levodopa on	Improvement (%)	(%)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Part I	4.1 ± 2.1	3.2 ± 1.9	25.6 ± 31.8	3.6 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 1.2	22.9 ± 27.9	0.88
Part II	19.5 ± 8	9.5 ± 4.4	48.9 ± 23.7	19.1 ± 9.6	8.2 ± 4.1	52.4 ± 27.5	0.73
Part III	46.3 ± 14.4	24.3 ± 10.9	48.1 ± 16.3	42.9 ± 17.4	23.1 ± 8.5	43.5 ± 17.3	0.35
Brady	19.1 ± 6.4	11.8 ± 5.8	39.7 ± 19.2	18 ± 6.3	10.4 ± 4.1	39.9 ± 18.8	0.75
Tremor	6.4 ± 4.6	1.5 ± 2.8	70.3 ± 37.8	5.4 ± 4.3	1.5 ± 2	63.2 ± 41	0.61
Rigidity	10.2 ± 3.9	4.7 ± 3.3	55.6 ± 27.8	10.1 ± 5.2	5.6 ± 3.8	50.2 ± 24.4	0.5
Posture and gait	3.8 ± 1.4	2.1 ± 1.1	44.3 ± 26.3	4 ± 1.9	2.1 ± 1	46.6 ± 21.8	0.85
Axial	8.8 ± 3.4	5.2 ± 2	38.5 ± 21.3	8.3 ± 3.8	5.1 ± 1.9	35.6 ± 21.5	0.55
Part IV		6.2 ± 4.4			6.2 ± 4.4		1
Total	76 ± 23.8	43.2 ± 16.9	43.2 ± 16.2	71.9 ± 29.8	40 ± 12.6	40.7 ± 15.6	0.52
H&Y stage	3.3 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 0.3	17.9 ± 13.4	3 ± 0.9	2.3 ± 0.4	17.5 ± 17.4	0.69
ADL score	74.5 ± 22	93 ± 6.3	20.4 ± 22.3	77.1 ± 29.7	97.9 ± 4.3	20.9 ± 30.4	0.51

UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr; ADL: activities of daily living. P < 0.05.