Motor/Nonmotor Symptoms and Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Risks in a Longitudinal Study

Table 1

Clinical findings and prescribed drugs of the enrolled 1227 patients with Parkinson’s disease and the 445 patients followed up through the second evaluation.

		All cases		Follow-up to the second evaluation
		n = 1227		n = 445
		First evaluation	Last evaluation	First evaluation	Second evaluation	Paired t-test (1st and 2nd)
Follow-up	years	4.4 ± 2.9		7.4 ± 1.2
Age at onset	years	57.8 ± 11.7		54.9 ± 12.3
Age	years	67.2 ± 9.9	71.5 ± 9.5	62.5 ± 10.7	69.8 ± 10.5
Sex (female)		676	55%	249	56%
Hoehn and Yahr stage		2.7 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 1.1	2.30 ± 1.1	3.3 ± 1.1	<0.001
Total LED	mg	756 ± 423.0	873.6 ± 384.3	697.8 ± 433.0	896.5 ± 367.2	<0.001
Dopamine agonist LED	mg	149.5 ± 140.9	104.3 ± 138.0	189.7 ± 153.0	131.9 ± 146.1	<0.001
Levodopa	n	1088	1202	356	434
	mg	541.9 ± 303.7	655.9 ± 287.1	479.3 ± 288.3	636.6 ± 259.2	<0.001
Pramipexole	n	777	312	299	92
	mg	2.0 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.1	2.0 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.1
Ropinirole	n	184	122	80	68
	mg	7.3 ± 3.2	8.8 ± 2.9	8.0 ± 3.7	10.0 ± 3.8
Rotigotine	n	—	149	—	97
	mg	—	8.1 ± 4.0	—	8.3 ± 4.1
Pergolide	n	325	39	108	8
	mg	1.0 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.2
Cabergoline	n	329	12	117	0
	mg	2.4 ± 1.3	2.6 ± 0.3	2.7 ± 1.4	0
Selegiline	n	517	228	178	103
	mg	4.9 ± 2.8	5.1 ± 2.2	5.1 ± 2.9	5.2 ± 2.4
Entacapone	n	264	372	100	192
	mg	486.2 ± 229.2	533.6 ± 285.1	502.1 ± 240.0	535.2 ± 319.0
Istradefylline	n	—	75	—	50
	mg	—	29.9 ± 7.6	—	29.6 ± 9.9
Trihexyphenidyl	n	480	169	168	42
	mg	3.2 ± 1.9	2.7 ± 1.0	3.6 ± 2.1	3.3 ± 1.0
Amantadine	n	320	106	150	110
	mg	166.7 ± 91.1	176.0 ± 85.3	181.7 ± 94.4	194.3 ± 91.8
Zonisamide	n	106	291	46	151
	mg	10.9 ± 25.0	44.4 ± 24.9	45.4 ± 17.5	47.3 ± 30.0
Droxidopa	n	105	79	27	30
	mg	382.9 ± 118.9	498.1 ± 134.6	396.4 ± 107.3	464.5 ± 127.9
Cholinesterase inhibitor	n	89	259	13	87
Memantine	n	—	89	—	40
Midodrine	n	44	66	11	23