Parkinson’s Disease

Research Article

Motor/Nonmotor Symptoms and Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Risks in a Longitudinal Study

Table 2

Kaplan–Meier survival of events in the patients with Parkinson’s disease. The factors selected were as follows: age at onset (early onset <60 years or late onset ≥60 years), sex, order of drugs (levodopa first or extra levodopa first (other antiparkinsonian drugs)), and presence or absence of other events before the event (pain, wearing-off, orthostatic hypotension, and psychosis). The categories shown in the table affected the incidence rate of factors.


Events	Prevalence of events, mean duration from disease onset years (SD)		Disease duration and Kaplan–Meier proportional curve (%)
		Factor	2nd year	4th year	6th year	8th year	10th year	12th year	14th year	16th year	18th year	20th year	25th year	Log-rank test
		n	1222	1192	1119	1015	840	660	480	355	253	183	76

Pain	31.0% 7.3 (5.5) years	Total	2.4	6.0	10.7	16.1	22.4	28.4	32.1	35.2	40.4	42.5	53.5
		Male	2.8	4.8	9.0	13.3	18.1	24.8	28.8	31.8	36.9	41.2	—	0.005
		Female	2.8	7.1	12.1	18.6	26.1	31.4	34.7	38.4	43.3	46.5	58.3	0.005
		<60.0 years old	1.2	4.0	8.3	13.3	19.1	24.9	27.2	29.7	34.3	39.6	49.7	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	3.8	7.9	13.3	19.3	26.0	34.0	40.0	46.4	53.7	60.3	—	<0.0001

Wearing-off	72.0% 7.7 (4.5) years	Total	2.6	13.1	27.4	47.2	59.8	70.2	78.1	83.6	85.7	88.6	94.3
		Male	2.5	12.8	24.5	43.4	52.5	63.9	72.9	81.4	83.1	85.7	91.4	<0.0001
		Female	3.1	13.4	29.8	50.4	65.7	75.2	82.2	85.7	88.4	91.5	96.8	<0.0001
		Tremor onset	1.8	10.6	23.7	40.8	51.6	62.9	72.2	77.6	80.8	85.5	93.6	<0.0001
		Other onset	3.1	15.0	30.0	52.4	66.6	76.4	82.4	88.5	89.7	90.8	95.6	<0.0001

Camptocormia	22.7% 8.8 (5.7) years	Total	2.5	5.1	9.1	11.9	16.8	17.5	21.1	24.3	26.7	29.3	33.8
		Male	2.7	3.4	6.5	9.7	13.1	13.1	18.1	22.1	23.7	24.7	26.5	0.033
		Female	3.1	6.4	9.7	13.8	16.8	19.8	23.5	26.8	29.8	32.8	36.7	0.033
		<60.0 years old	2.9	4.0	6.3	9.2	11.6	14.9	19.0	22.3	25.0	27.8	31.1	0.048
		≥60.0 years old	11.9	16.1	10.2	14.5	18.2	20.3	23.3	26.7	26.7	—	—	0.048

Psychosis	42.5% 9.6 (6.0) years	Total	2.0	3.7	7.4	12.6	10.8	29.7	42.3	49.7	56.6	61.6	74.8
		<60.0 years old	1.9	2.7	4.7	8.2	12.3	17.3	29.0	36.6	43.8	50.1	66.7	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	2.2	4.7	10.3	16.6	30.9	46.1	62.2	72.6	80.4	100.0	—	<0.0001

Orthostatic hypotension	12.1% 10.0 (3.8) years	Total	0.6	1.6	2.9	5.2	6.4	9.5	12.8	14.2	18.1	21.6	29.2
		Male	0.4	1.5	3.3	6.1	8.1	11.8	16.6	18.1	20.8	27.6	33.8	0.006
		Female	0.8	1.5	2.5	4.4	5.0	7.7	9.6	10.4	15.1	17.6	23.2	0.006
		<60.0 years old	0.0	0.5	1.2	2.8	4.0	6.1	8.0	9.8	13.2	16.6	23.9	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	1.0	2.7	4.5	7.5	9.3	13.7	20.7	20.7	26.5	31.4	—	<0.0001
		Extra levodopa first	0.3	1.2	2.1	3.8	4.5	7.5	11.5	12.6	15.0	18.4	24.9	0.030
		Levodopa first	0.9	2.0	4.1	7.2	9.3	12.6	14.4	16.1	22.1	25.3	32.5	0.030

Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	78.1% 9.7 (6.9) years	Total	4.9	13.4	23.9	35.0	46.9	58.4	68.4	75.7	81.8	87.5	93.4
		Male	3.8	12.1	21.8	32.4	43.9	55.0	66.2	72.9	78.7	85.5	92.4	0.016
		Female	5.7	14.4	25.6	37.2	49.3	61.3	70.2	78.0	86.2	89.0	94.2	0.016
		<60.0 years old	1.5	5.1	10.4	16.5	24.9	36.3	48.8	58.8	68.4	77.7	88.3	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	8.2	21.6	37.4	53.7	69.6	82.0	90.0	95.3	100.0			<0.0001
		Wearing-off (−)	9.9	26.5	42.9	56.0	68.4	77.1	82.3	86.6	90.0	94.6	96.6	<0.0001
		Wearing-off (+)	0.3	2.2	7.8	17.5	29.3	43.4	57.1	67.0	75.1	82.1	90.8	<0.0001
		Psychosis (−)	5.7	15.6	27.6	38.8	50.2	61.1	71.0	77.7	82.2	86.7	93.2	<0.0001
		Psychosis (+)	0.5	2.5	5.9	16.3	30.5	45.4	56.4	66.6	78.1	88.5	93.9	<0.0001
		Extra levodopa first	3.5	9.9	19.4	30.5	42.5	55.8	65.9	72.3	79.0	86.1	92.3	<0.0001
		Levodopa first	7.1	19.1	31.2	42.3	54.0	62.8	72.5	81.0	87.7	89.8	95.0	<0.0001

Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	48.6% 11.7 (7.6) years	Total	2.5	5.1	9.7	16.8	24.6	34.5	42.4	51.4	59.2	65.1	79.5
		<60.0 years old	1.2	2.5	2.8	6.1	8.5	15.2	21.2	30.4	39.7	48.4	68.7	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	2.9	7.8	16.4	28.0	42.6	58.0	70.8	82.1	90.2	90.2	100.0	<0.0001
		Wearing-off (−)	6.8	12.6	21.8	31.4	41.6	52.8	58.3	63.0	70.8	74.6	84.9	<0.0001
		Wearing-off (+)	0.0	0.7	2.9	8.6	15.4	25.0	34.2	44.9	52.9	60.2	76.6	<0.0001
		Extra levodopa first	1.6	3.3	5.8	13.2	21.0	31.0	38.8	47.1	55.2	62.4	78.0	0.001
		Levodopa first	4.1	8.0	16.0	22.8	30.5	40.3	48.3	58.2	65.3	69.6	81.9	0.001

Pneumonia	9.0% 13.7 (7.4) years	Total	0.2	0.3	1.0	1.9	3.3	5.2	7.6	11.9	13.3	16.4	24.8
		Male	0.2	0.4	1.3	2.5	5.1	6.4	11.1	16.0	19.3	19.7	26.2	0.003
		Female	0.0	0.1	0.6	1.1	1.7	2.8	4.3	8.1	10.3	12.8	20.0	0.003
		<60.0 years old	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.7	1.3	2.7	4.1	6.3	7.3	14.2	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	0.2	0.5	1.5	3.3	6.2	8.6	15.2	30.4	39.6	49.6	74.8	<0.0001
		Wearing-off (−)	0.2	0.5	2.8	5.1	8.5	10.3	13.7	18.3	24.9	24.9	34.0	<0.0001
		Wearing off (+)	0.0	0.1	0.7	1.3	2.5	3.7	6.4	10.5	13.2	14.7	21.0	<0.0001
		Extra levodopa first	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.7	1.5	2.5	6.2	11.0	13.8	13.8	21.7	0.034
		Levodopa first	0.0	0.4	1.8	3.6	6.1	7.7	9.4	12.8	15.9	19.2	24.7	0.034

Tube feeding	6.6% 16.1 (8.5) years	Total	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.9	1.9	3.3	4.4	4.8	8.5	11.4	19.6
		<60.0 years old	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.8	1.0	2.0	2.0	4.0	13.5	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.8	3.8	6.5	9.8	20.4	29.4	45.7	—	<0.0001
		Wearing-off (−)	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.9	3.4	4.9	6.0	8.2	13.7	17.4	29.0	0.027
		Wearing-off (+)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.3	2.6	3.6	6.4	7.2	9.8	18.2	0.027
		Extra levodopa first	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	1.0	1.6	2.7	6.0	7.0	9.2	19.6	0.048
		Levodopa first	0.0	0.0	0.5	2.0	2.9	5.6	6.5	9.5	10.1	11.2	20.2	0.048

Death	10.8% 14.5 (8.0) years	Total	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.6	2.3	4.0	6.2	8.7	11.0	14.3	21.1
		<60.0 years old	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.4	0.5	1.3	2.2	4.4	6.8	13.6	<0.0001
		≥60.0 years old	0.0	0.0	0.4	2.7	4.6	8.5	14.3	22.8	24.4	35.1	—	<0.0001
		Pain (−)	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.2	2.2	4.3	6.9	10.5	13.1	16.9	22.8	0.039
		Pain (+)	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	2.3	3.1	4.4	5.1	6.6	8.7	14.1	0.039
		Wearing-off (−)	0.0	0.0	0.7	3.5	5.1	7.0	10.1	14.2	14.2	18.7	39.0	0.003
		Wearing-off (+)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.4	2.9	4.9	7.2	9.7	12.7	17.5	0.003
		Psychosis (−)	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.3	2.0	3.0	4.4	6.6	7.5	10.8	15.8	0.041
		Psychosis (+)	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	2.6	4.8	7.7	10.5	13.6	16.8	21.5	0.041