Motor/Nonmotor Symptoms and Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Risks in a Longitudinal Study

Table 4

Subgroup analysis of Cox proportional-hazards model divided by gender for clinical events in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Subgroup analysis	Events	Age at onset			Tremor onset			Daily dose of levodopa at first evaluation			Duration until the start of levodopa			Duration until the start of antiparkinsonian drugs except levodopa			Total LED at first evaluation			Duration of onset to pain			Duration until onset of wearing-off			Duration until onset of psychosis			Duration until onset of orthostatic hypotension
			Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI
Male	Pain	0.185	1.014	0.993–1.034	0.119	1.312	0.932–1.847	0.054	0.999	0.998–1.000	0.294	0.964	0.900–1.032	0.882	1.004	0.951–1.060	0.005	1.001	1.000–1.002				0.024	0.951	0.911–0.993	0.088	0.971	0.939–1.004	0.020	0.950	0.911–0.992
	Wearing-off	<0.001	0.952	0.940–0.965	0.012	0.755	0.606–0.941	0.247	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.921	0.886–0.957	0.242	0.981	0.950–1.013	0.016	1.001	1.000–1.001	<0.001	0.951	0.928–0.975	0.013	0.972	0.950–0.994	0.013	0.972	0.950–0.994	<0.001	0.950	0.925–0.975
	Camptocormia	0.558	1.008	0.982–1.035	0.691	0.913	0.582–1.431	0.379	0.999	0.998–1.001	0.232	1.054	0.967–1.150	0.075	0.925	0.849–1.008	0.857	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.050	0.949	0.875–0.994	0.032	0.933	0.875–0.994	0.403	1.020	0.973–1.070	0.517	1.023	0.955–1.095
	Psychosis	<0.001	1.041	0.023–1.059	0.032	1.354	1.026–1.785	0.076	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.595	1.015	0.961–1.071	0.791	1.007	0.959–1.056	0.304	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.046	0.969	0.939–0.999	<0.001	0.934	0.902–0.968				0.008	0.951	0.917–0.987
	Orthostatic hypotension	0.012	1.037	1.008–1.067	0.295	0.774	0.479–1.250	0.624	1.000	0.998–1.001	0.165	0.942	0.865–1.025	0.297	1.036	0.969–1.109	0.571	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.082	0.961	0.919–1.005	0.045	0.939	0.884–0.999	0.057	0.958	0.916–1.001
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	<0.001	1.042	1.028–1.055	0.006	0.745	0.602–0.921	0.150	1.001	1.000–1.001	0.515	0.986	0.945–1.029	0.238	1.023	0.985–1.029	0.287	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.947	0.923–0.972	<0.001	0.948	0.923–0.975	<0.001	0.951	0.929–0.974	<0.001	0.914	0.889–0.940
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	<0.001	1.059	1.040–1.078	0.002	0.644	0.489–0.846	0.017	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.970	0.999	0.950–1.051	0.190	1.029	0.986–1.075	0.366	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.001	0.952	0.923–0.981	0.027	0.961	0.928–0.996	<0.001	0.931	0.906–0.957	0.065	0.970	0.939–1.002
	Pneumonia	<0.001	1.100	1.060–1.142	0.406	0.791	0.456–1.374	0.556	0.999	0.997–1.001	0.866	0.991	0.892–1.101	0.093	0.920	0.834–1.014	0.573	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.796	1.008	0.950–1.070	0.570	0.981	0.919–1.048	0.173	0.964	0.915–1.016	<0.001	0.887	0.838–0.940
	Tube feeding	0.016	1.069	1.013–1.128	0.018	0.342	0.141–0.831	0.463	1.001	0.998–1.004	0.775	0.978	0.836–1.143	0.636	0.969	0.853–1.102	0.321	0.999	0.996–1.001	0.512	0.973	0.896–1.056	0.488	1.033	0.942–1.133	0.198	0.959	0.900–1.022	<0.001	0.844	0.783–0.910
	Death	0.001	1.084	1.034–1.138	0.394	0.737	0.365–1.488	0.962	1.000	0.998–1.002	0.704	1.025	0.903–1.164	0.862	0.991	0.898–1.094	0.650	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.231	0.964	0.907–1.024	0.172	0.944	0.870–1.025	0.161	0.962	0.912–1.015	0.001	0.893	0.836–0.954
Female	Pain	0.135	1.012	0.996–1.028	0.899	0.983	0.753–1.284	0.402	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.357	1.036	0.961–1.117	0.196	0.944	0.865–1.030	0.126	1.001	1.000–1.001				0.017	0.962	0.932–0.993	0.040	0.972	0.946–0.999	0.032	0.966	0.936–0.997
	Wearing-off	<0.001	0.975	0.965–0.985	0.027	0.816	0.682–0.977	0.165	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.906	0.861–0.954	0.636	1.014	0.956–1.076	<0.001	1.001	1.001–1.001	0.001	0.970	0.953–0.988				0.699	0.996	0.974–1.018	<0.001	0.939	0.918–0.960
	Camptocormia	0.997	1.000	0.981–1.019	0.363	0.854	0.608–1.200	0.774	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.822	1.011	0.921–1.109	0.028	0.869	0.768–0.985	0.412	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.005	0.951	0.918–0.985	0.963	0.999	0.955–1.045	0.102	0.965	0.924–1.007	0.722	1.009	0.960–1.060
	Psychosis	0.001	1.027	1.012–1.043	0.424	0.907	0.714–1.152	0.392	1.000	1.000–1.001	0.112	0.948	0.887–1.013	0.649	1.017	0.946–1.092	0.753	1.000	0.999–1.001	<0.001	0.951	0.929–0.973	0.412	1.013	0.982–1.045				<0.001	0.918	0.890–0.947
	Orthostatic hypotension	0.047	1.032	1.000–1.064	0.906	1.032	0.612–1.738	0.749	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.754	0.974	0.825–1.149	0.456	0.929	0.765–1.128	0.862	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.674	1.009	0.967–1.054	0.461	0.980	0.927–1.035	0.002	0.930	0.888–0.973
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	<0.001	1.051	1.039–1.063	0.174	0.884	0.740–1.056	0.807	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.024	0.944	0.898–0.992	0.210	0.944	0.981–1.091	0.641	1.000	1.000–1.001	0.001	0.968	0.951–0.986	0.001	0.959	0.935–0.982	<0.001	0.955	0.933–0.979	<0.001	0.930	0.906–0.955
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	<0.001	1.080	1.063–1.097	0.517	0.929	0.742–1.162	0.014	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.037	0.932	0.872–0.996	0.276	1.040	0.969–1.115	0.820	1.000	0.999–1.001	<0.001	0.955	0.934–0.976	0.435	0.989	0.962–1.017	<0.001	0.933	0.910–0.958	0.008	0.963	0.936–0.990
	Pneumonia	<0.001	1.141	1.092–1.193	0.731	0.899	0.489–1.652	0.516	1.001	0.999–1.003	0.333	0.915	0.764–1.095	0.171	1.131	0.948–1.349	0.774	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.367	0.976	0.926–1.029	0.318	0.966	0.901–1.034	0.977	1.001	0.942–1.063	0.281	0.960	0.893–1.034
	Tube feeding	<0.001	1.173	1.116–1.232	0.545	1.223	0.637–2.347	0.958	1.000	0.998–1.002	0.678	0.956	0.774–1.182	0.444	1.088	0.876–1.353	0.205	1.001	0.999–1.003	0.584	0.985	0.932–1.041	0.129	0.944	0.877–1.017	0.874	0.995	0.937–1.057	0.199	0.953	0.885–1.026
	Death	<0.001	1.111	1.065–1.158	0.707	0.891	0.488–1.627	0.199	0.999	0.996–1.001	0.061	0.832	0.687–1.009	0.130	1.153	0.959–1.386	0.269	1.001	0.999–1.002	0.003	0.922	0.875–0.973	0.591	0.979	0.906–1.058	0.625	0.984	0.920–1.051	<0.001	0.847	0.790–0.908