Motor/Nonmotor Symptoms and Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Risks in a Longitudinal Study

Table 5

Subgroup analysis of Cox proportional-hazards models divided by onset age for clinical events in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Subgroup analysis	Events	Sex (female)			Tremor onset			Daily dose of levodopa at first evaluation			Duration until the start of levodopa			Duration until the start of antiparkinsonian drugs except levodopa			Total LED at first evaluation			Duration of onset to pain			Duration until onset of wearing-off			Duration until onset of psychosis			Duration until onset of orthostatic hypotension
			Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI
Age at onset under 60 years	Pain	0.017	1.426	1.064–1.910	0.388	0.878	0.655–1.179	0.238	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.859	1.005	0.955–1.000	0.048	0.960	0.922–1.000	0.015	1.001	1.000–1.001				0.064	0.972	0.943–1.002	0.010	0.970	0.948–0.993	0.006	0.963	0.937–0.989
	Wearing-off	0.001	1.368	1.139–1.644	<0.001	0.663	0.551–0.799	0.010	0.999	00999–1.000	<0.001	0.930	0.904–0.958	0.493	0.992	0.969–1.015	<0.001	1.001	1.001–1.001	<0.001	0.966	0.950–0.982				0.703	0.997	0.979–1.014	<0.001	0.963	0.945–0.980
	Camptocormia	0.902	0.977	0.676–1.412	0.730	0.937	0.649–1.355	0.139	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.775	1.009	0.950–1.071	0.495	0.982	0.933–1.034	0.076	0.999	0.998–1.000	0.026	0.961	0.929–0.995	0.325	0.979	0.937–1.022	0.315	0.981	0.946–1.018	0.620	0.989	0.945–1.034
	Psychosis	0.387	1.125	0.862–1.468	0.319	1.141	0.8880–1.480	0.019	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.053	0.962	0.926–1.000	0.932	0.999	0.969–1.029	0.318	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.947	0.926–0.968	0.283	1.015	0.988–1.042				<0.001	0.952	0.929–0.976
	Orthostatic hypotension	0.061	0.636	0.397–1.021	0.841	1.050	0.649–1.700	0.642	1.000	0.998–1.001	0.046	0.926	0.858–0.998	0.256	1.032	0.978–1.089	0.335	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.200	0.977	0.944–1.012	0.170	0.967	0.922–1.014	0.001	0.943	0.911–0.975
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	0.108	1.178	0.965–1.437	0.280	0.896	0.734–1.094	0.026	1.001	1.000–1.001	0.107	0.974	0.943–1.006	0.551	1.008	0.983–1.033	0.126	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.958	0.941–0.975	0.021	0.977	0.957–0.996	<0.001	0.948	0.932–0.965	<0.001	0.933	0.914–0.952
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	0.229	1.177	0.902–1.535	0.203	0.842	0.646–1.097	<0.001	1.002	1.001–1.001	0.318	0.980	0.942–1.020	0.306	1.016	0.985–1.048	0.064	0.999	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.955	0.934–0.975	0.872	0.998	0.975–1.022	<0.001	0.926	0.905–0.946	0.003	0.963	0.940–0.987
	Pneumonia	0.164	0.638	0.338–1.202	0.892	0.956	0.501–1.827	0.063	1.002	1.000–1.003	0.659	0.979	0.893–1.074	0.649	1.015	0.920–1.011	0.203	0.999	0.998–1.001	0.131	0.964	0.920–1.011	0.716	1.010	0.956–1.068	0.232	0.976	0.937–1.016	0.001	0.914	0.869–0.962
	Tube feeding	0.688	1.172	0.540–2.546	0.396	0.706	0.316–1.577	0.021	1.002	1.000–1.004	0.436	1.039	0.944–1.143	0.857	1.006	0.942–1.074	0.127	0.999	0.997–1.000	0.332	0.973	0.921–1.028	0.361	0.973	0.921–1.028	0.265	0.976	0.936–1.018	<0.001	0.888	0.841–0.938
	Death	0.459	0.770	0.384–1.541	0.701	0.867	0.418–1.797	0.964	1.000	0.998–1.002	0.915	0.995	0.906–1.092	0.304	1.034	0.970–1.103	0.877	1.0000	0.999–1.002	0.003	0.93	0.887–0.975	0.249	1.035	0.976–1.097	0.048	0.962	0.925–1.000	<0.001	0.897	0.853–0.944
Age at onset over 60 years	Pain	0.249	1.205	0.878–1.656	0.026	1.414	1.042–1.919	0.404	0.999	0.998–1.001	0.224	0.953	0.883–1.030	0.418	0.973	0.911–1.039	0.362	1.000	1.000–1.001				0.092	0.959	0.914–1.007	0.032	0.953	0.913–0.996	0.066	0.953	0.906–1.003
	Wearing-off	<0.001	1.509	1.213–1.877	0.189	0.870	0.706–1.071	0.010	0.999	0.998–1.000	0.002	0.924	0.879–0.972	0.038	0.954	0.913–0.997	<0.001	1.001	1.001–1.002	0.077	0.974	0.945–1.003				0.279	0.982	0.949–1.015	0.001	0.940	0.906–0.975
	Camptocormia	0.042	1.556	1.016–2.381	0.190	0.767	0.515–1.141	0.001	0.997	0.996–0.999	0.047	0.894	0.801–0.999	0.032	0.897	0.813–0.991	0.148	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.001	0.917	0.870–0.967	0.396	0.971	0.907–1.040	0.817	0.992	0.926–1.063	0.154	1.059	0.979–1.146
	Orthostatic hypotension	0.006	0.492	0.297–0.814	0.568	0.863	0.520–1.431	0.205	1.001	0.999–1.003	0.099	0.898	0.790–1.020	0.794	1.013	0.919–1.118	0.137	0.999	0.997–1.000	0.957	0.998	0.936–1.065	0.154	0.947	0.879–1.021	0.005	0.912	0.856–0.973
	Psychosis	0.434	0.903	0.699–1.166	0.966	1.006	0.780–1.297	0.081	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.905	1.004	0.944–1.067	0.617	0.987	0.937–1.039	0.262	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.004	0.953	0.921–0.985	0.002	0.938	0.901–0.977				<0.001	0.878	0.840–0.917
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	0.001	1.375	1.143–1.654	0.010	0.787	0.656–0.944	0.064	1.001	1.000–1.001	0.001	0.920	0.878–0.964	0.757	0.994	0.957–1.032	0.192	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.002	0.955	0.929–0.983	0.001	0.948	0.917–0.983	0.012	0.961	0.932–0.991	<0.001	0.875	0.845–0.905
	Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	0.082	1.228	0.975–1.547	0.024	0.770	0.613–0.967	0.072	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.056	0.946	0.894–1.001	0.267	1.025	0.982–1.070	0.416	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.936	0.909–0.963	0.015	0.953	0.917–0.991	<0.001	0.943	0.913–0.974	<0.001	0.942	0.910–0.974
	Pneumonia	0.011	0.513	0.307–0.858	0.563	0.859	0.515–1.436	0.864	1.000	0.998–1.002	0.065	0.893	0.792–1.007	0.971	0.998	0.912–1.093	0.840	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.886	1.005	0.944–1.069	0.373	0.967	0.900–1.040	0.319	0.968	0.907–1.032	0.001	0.883	0.824–0.947
	Tube feeding	0.801	1.086	0.571–2.069	0.610	0.847	0.449–1.601	0.465	0.999	0.997–1.002	0.048	0.844	0.714–0.998	0.471	1.041	0.934–1.159	0.513	1.001	0.999–1.002	0.510	0.976	0.907–1.050	0.154	0.935	0.852–1.026	0.567	0.976	0.899–1.060	0.002	0.876	0.804–0.953
	Death	0.765	1.094	0.609–1.964	0.579	0.850	0.477–1.512	0.659	1.001	0.998–1.003	0.575	0.955	0.814–1.121	0.883	0.991	0.879–1.117	0.467	0.999	0.998–1.001	0.026	0.931	0.874–0.952	0.003	0.866	0.788–0.952	0.791	0.989	0.914–1.071	<0.001	0.821	0.761–0.887