Elevated Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels Are Associated with Higher Impulsivity in People with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Univariate analysis of dichotomised ceruloplasmin grouping and clinical measures.

Variable	Normal ceruloplasmin (N = 158)	High ceruloplasmin (N = 56)	Significance ( value; Cohen’s d)
Mean ceruloplasmin (g/L)	0.23 (0.04)	0.34 (0.05)
Gender (male %)	70.3%	42.9%
Patient age (years)	64.01 (9.44)	65.64 (9.21)	; d = 0.17
Disease duration (years)	8.92 (6.24)	8.83 (5.02)	; d = 0.02
Total levodopa (mg/day)	872.62 (598.17)	950.81 (657.16)	; d = 0.12
Dopamine agonist (%)	44.3%	51.8%
MDS-UPDRS III	18.35 (13.82)	23.91 (13.94)	; d = 0.40
Hoehn and Yahr	1.57 (0.92)	2.04 (0.99)	; d = 0.49
ACE-R	87.72 (11.14)	91.02 (8.23)	; d = 0.34

MDS-UPDRS III, Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III; ACE-R, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised.