Phosphorylated Alpha-Synuclein in Red Blood Cells as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Multiple System Atrophy: A Pilot Study
Table 1
Demographic data, pS-α-syn-RBC level, and clinical characteristics of the study subjects.
Variables
Control
Total MSA
values
MSA-P
MSA-C
values
Demographic data
No.
220
107
NA
48
59
NA
Gender (male/female)
127/93
61/46
0.512c
27/21
30/29
0.494c
Age (years)
66.67 ± 10.99
67.49 ± 8.72
0.918a
60.03 ± 9.65
61.90 ± 10.61
0.439a
pS-α-syn-RBC level (ng/mg)
11.89 ± 3.57
14.02 ± 4.02
13.27 ± 1.91
12.19 ± 3.04
Clinical features
No.
91
75
NA
33
42
NA NA
Education (years)
10.69 ± 2.95
9.91 ± 4.73
0.221a
8.33 ± 4.52
11.15 ± 4.57
0.009a
Age at onset (AAO, years)
NA
58.15 ± 9.85
NA
57.24 ± 9.48
58.86 ± 10.18
0.485a
Disease duration (years)
NA
2.93 ± 2.02
NA
2.77 ± 2.44
3.06 ± 1.63
0.076b
H&Y (median, 25%, 75%)
NA
3 (3, 4)
NA
3 (3, 4)
3 (3, 4)
0.819c
UMSARS I
1.00 ± 1.77
16.21 ± 7.77
<0.001b
13.67 ± 7.01
18.21 ± 7.82
0.022b
UMSARS II
0.26 ± 0.66
25.13 ± 13.53
<0.001b
25.61 ± 15.64
24.76 ± 11.79
0.791b
UMSARS IV (median, 25%, 75%)
1 (1, 1)
2 (2, 3)
<0.001c
2 (2, 2)
2 (2, 3)
0.288c
MoCA score
25.65 ± 2.59
20.27 ± 5.92
<0.001b
19.61 ± 6.16
20.79 ± 5.75
0.589b
AHRS score
23.57 ± 1.85
22.93 ± 3.06
0.091b
23.27 ± 2.27
22.67 ± 3.56
0.796b
RBDQ-HK score
4.81 ± 4.30
28.23 ± 17.76
<0.001b
31.10 ± 17.47
25.81 ± 17.82
0.013b
HAMD score
1.77 ± 2.25
9.55 ± 6.09
<0.001b
9.95 ± 6.17
9.95 ± 6.11
0.860b
HAMA score
4.02 ± 3.67
7.17 ± 6.05
<0.001b
8.09 ± 5.91
6.45 ± 6.13
0.118b
All data are expressed as mean ± SD. Bold: .aT-test; bMann-Whitney U test; cChi-square test. MSA, multiple system atrophy; MSA-P, MSA with predominant parkinsonism; MSA-C, MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia; UMSARS, Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale; H&Y stage, Hoehn and Yahr stage; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; AHRS, Hyposmia Rating Scale; RBDQ-HK, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder questionnaire-Hong Kong; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; NA, not applicable.