Research Article
Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson’s Disease Risk in a Rural New England Case-Control Study
Table 1
Population characteristics and univariate associations.
| | | Controls | PD | Univariate | | n = 195 (%) | n = 97 (%) | -value |
| | Sex | F | 78 (40.0) | 34 (35.1) | 0.489 | | | M | 117 (60.0) | 63 (64.9) | |
| | Age | Mean ± SD | 67.6 ± 7.29 | 69.36 ± 8.10 | 0.072 |
| | Age category | <65 | 70 (35.9) | 31 (32.0) | 0.411 | | | 65–75 | 100 (51.3) | 48 (49.5) | | | | 75+ | 25 (12.8) | 18 (18.6) | |
| | Family history of PD | No | 182 (93.3) | 75 (77.3) | <0.001 | | | Yes | 13 (6.7) | 22 (22.7) | |
| | Disease duration | Mean ± SD | | 6.57 ± 5.26 | |
| | Dementia or Alzheimer’s | No | 195 (0.0) | 94 (98.9) | 1 | | | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| | Smoking | Never | 99 (51.8) | 53 (55.8) | 0.613 | | | Ever | 92 (48.2) | 42 (44.2) | |
| | Participate regularly in strenuous athletic activities, such as running, swimming, or other competitive sports (soccer, football, etc.) | No | 108 (56.8) | 40 (42.1) | 0.026 | | | Yes | 82 (43.2) | 55 (57.9) | | | | | | | |
| | Ever suffered head trauma or a concussion that caused you to black out or lose consciousness? | No | 155 (81.6) | 55 (57.3) | <0.001 | | | Yes | 35 (18.4) | 41 (42.7) | | | | | | | |
| | Have you ever suffered a severe electrical burn or been electrocuted? | No | 182 (96.3) | 90 (95.7) | 1 | | | Yes | 7 (3.7) | 4 (4.3) | |
|
|
|
